Assessment of Tongue Scraper and Using Baking Soda Mouth Wash in Reduction of Halitosis : Halitosis Reduction by Mouthwash

Pirah Talpur; Shazia Parveen Rajpar; Nida Talpur; Khalida Naz Memon; Javaid Unar; Rehmatullah Kandhro

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v5i04.1357

Authors

Pirah Talpur Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Shazia Parveen Rajpar Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Nida Talpur Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
Khalida Naz Memon Indus Medical College, The University of Modern Sciences, Tando Muhammad Khan, Pakistan
Javaid Unar Department of Community Dentistry, Dr Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
Rehmatullah Kandhro Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i04.1357

Keywords:

Bad Breath, Tongue Scraper, Baking Soda, Mouthwash

Abstract

Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odor is present. It can result in anxiety among those affected. It is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of tongue scraper and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) mouthwash in reduction of halitosis. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was organized in undergraduate students of Paramedics Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro. Individuals aged 18 to 30 years of age were included by non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data were analysed by SPSS Version-26.0. Results: A total of 302 cases were comparatively studied. Males were in preponderance in both groups. Before treatment, 2.6% had slight odor, 33.8% had moderate odor, 28.5% had heavy odor, 23.85% had strong odor and 11.2% had intense odor in Group A, while 14.6% had slight odor, 19.9% had moderate odor, 25.8% had heavy odor, 21.8% had strong odor and 17.8% had intense odor in Group B (p=0.04). After treatment baking soda mouthwash showed more efficacious in terms of decrease the halitosis and its severity. In 21.2% halitosis was completely reduced and remaining most of the cases had mild and moderate halitosis compared to tongue scraper technique, while strong odor was completely reduced in both groups (p-0.001). Conclusions: Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) mouthwash was observed to be the more effective in terms of decrease the halitosis and its severity compared to the tongue scraper technique among individuals presented with halitosis.

References

Lee EH, Lee MG, Lee KH. Mineral salt and oriental medicine extracts contained mouth rinse influence to the dryness of the mouth and the oral malodor. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 2017 Jun; 13: 81-6. doi: 10.15236/ijcpd.2017.13.2.81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15236/ijcpd.2017.13.2.81

Nazir MA, Almas K, Majeed MI. The prevalence of halitosis (oral malodor) and associated factors among dental students and interns, Lahore, Pakistan. European Journal of Dentistry. 2017 Oct; 11(04): 480-5. doi: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_142_17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_142_17

Kapoor U, Sharma G, Juneja M, Nagpal A. Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management. European Journal of Dentistry. 2016 Apr; 10(02): 292-300. doi: 10.4103/1305-7456.178294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178294

Wang J and He L. Effect of mechanical self-cleaning of tongue coating on malodor in halitosis patients originating from tongue coating. Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Peking University. Health sciences. 2017 Apr; 49(2): 344-8.

Caygur A, Albaba MR, Berberoglu A, Yilmaz HG. Efficacy of glycine powder air-polishing combined with scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis and halitosis: A randomised clinical study. Journal of International Medical Research. 2017 Jun; 45(3): 1168-74. doi: 10.1177/0300060517705540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060517705540

Graziano TS, Calil CM, Sartoratto A, Franco GC, Groppo FC, Cogo-Mueller K et al. In vitro effects of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on growth and production of volatile sulphur compounds by oral bacteria. Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2016 Nov; 24: 582-9. doi: 10.1590/1678-775720160044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720160044

Silva MF, Leite FR, Ferreira LB, Pola NM, Scannapieco FA, Demarco FF et al. Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2018 Jan; 22: 47-55. doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2164-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2164-5

Alharbi WS, Felemban OM, Almazrooa SA, Elbadawi LS, Dakhil SA, Mawardi HH et al. Prevalence of self-perceived halitosis in Saudi Arabia. Journal Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2020 Nov; 9(45): 3367-73. doi: 10.14260/jemds/2020/740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2020/740

Harmouche L, Reingewirtz Y, Tuzin N, Lefebvre F, Davideau JL, Huck O et al. Knowledge and management of halitosis in France and Lebanon: A questionnaire-based study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021 Feb; 10(3): 502. doi: 10.3390/jcm10030502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030502

Benic GZ, Farella M, Morgan XC, Viswam J, Heng NC, Cannon RD et al. Oral probiotics reduce halitosis in patients wearing orthodontic braces: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Breath Research. 2019 May; 13(3): 036010. doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab1c81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab1c81

Bicak DA. A current approach to halitosis and oral malodor-a mini review. The Open Dentistry Journal. 2018 Apr; 12: 322. doi: 10.2174/1874210601812010322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010322

Dudzik A, Sozkes S, Michalak E, Olszewska-Czyz I. Efficacy of a zinc lactate mouthwash and tongue scraping in the reduction of intra-oral halitosis: A single-blind, controlled, crossover clinical trial-a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021 Nov; 10(23): 5532. doi: 10.3390/jcm10235532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235532

Iba B, Falegbe RK, Asa YI, Nwaohabuenyi TE, Ibeobi AC. Halitosis. Orapuh Literature Reviews. 2021 Nov 12; 1(1): OR002-.

Johannsen A, Emilson CG, Johannsen G, Konradsson K, Lingström P, Ramberg P et al. Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2019 Dec; 5(12): 1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850

Gurpinar B, Yildirim G, Kumral TL, Akgun MF, Sari H, Tutar B et al. A simple method to reduce halitosis; tongue scraping with probiotics. Journal of Breath Research. 2019 Dec; 14(1): 016008. doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab503e. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab503e

Narayanan A. Comparative study of efficiency of various oral hygiene measures on halitosis and its causative organisms in fixed appliance therapy patients. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Chennai, India: Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital; 2019.

Choi HN, Cho YS, Koo JW. The effect of mechanical tongue cleaning on oral malodor and tongue coating. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Dec; 19(1): 108. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010108

Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L. Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment-a review of the literature. Australian Dental Journal. 2020 Mar; 65(1): 4-11. doi: 10.1111/adj.12725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12725

Kim HS, Cho JW, Kim CH, Kim KJ, Park JH. Oral Malodor Control Effect of Mouth Wash Containing Sodium Fluorophosphate and Green Tea Extract. Korean Academy of Preventive Dentistry. 2022 Sep; 18(3): 71-7. doi: 10.15236/ijcpd.2022.18.3.71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15236/ijcpd.2022.18.3.71

Choi YS, Yun MH, Cho JW. Halitosis Control Effects of a Dentifrice Containing Resveratrol, Catechin, and Baicalin. Korean Academy of Preventive Dentistry. 2021 Dec; 17(4): 201-6. doi: 10.15236/ijcpd.2021.17.4.201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15236/ijcpd.2021.17.4.201