2026-03-05T08:51:38Z https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/oai

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/2 2022-04-14T12:29:41Z pjhs:O.A driver

Frequency and Spectroscopy of Renal Stones on Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrum 2 Instrument : Spectroscopy of Renal Stones John, Akash Faridi, Tallat Anwar Suleman, Taiba Gill, Anil Iqbal, Neelam Noor, Sofia Zahid, Sana John, Suleman Renal Stones, Renal calculi, Perkin Elmer FTIR spectrum 2, Spectroscopy, Nephrolithiasis Renal stones are solid masses, which are a build-up of crystals. They usually develop anywhere in urinary system consisting kidneys, ureters bladder and urethra. Renal stones cause severe pain in the respective organ which may vary according to stone size and shape. Their etiology depends on geographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors.Objective: To determine the frequency and spectroscopy of renal stones on Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrum Two Instrument. Methods:A study was conducted on200 patients, both males and females with renal stones having agegroups of 1-20, 21-40 and 41-60 years for the duration of 11 months in Lahore, Pakistan. Demography on risk factors for stones included family history, obesity, gastro-intestinal disease, surgery, dehydration and certain diets was observed.A focus was on number of stones, its size, colour, shape and surface build up. The spectroscopy of stones was carried out using Perkin Elmer FTIR spectrum 2. Results: Renal stones were observed to be more frequentin males than females. Meanwhile, females have common features of renal stones but may have variationsin some properties. Age group 21-40 years have high frequency with 143 patients (36.67%). In spectroscopy nature and shape of stone reveals that most common shape of the stone was irregular and 68% were pure stones while 33% mixed in composition and propertiesConclusions: The formations of stones may depend on geographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors withvarying frequencies and propertiesin male and female ratio. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/2 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.2 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 11-16 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/2/1 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.2.g1 Copyright (c) 2021 PJHS (Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/3 2022-02-28T13:53:38Z pjhs:O.A driver

Frequency Of Osteopenia And Its Association With Marital Status And Parity Among Female Population Aged 18-60 Years : Osteopenia And Parity Zahid, Sana Hanif, Asif Faridi, Tallat Anwar Masood, Zahid John, Akash Noor, Sofia In Pakistan, Osteoporosis and Osteopenia among women have become one of the most common problems of recent times.Towards the end of puberty, the skeletal mass grows at double the rate. As women age, their bone density decreases and declines even further during menopause. There are limited studies dedicated to the association of osteopenia with marital status and parity. Objectives: The objective of this research study was to find the frequency of osteopenia and its association with marital status and parity among female population aged 18-60 years old Methodology: It was a cross sectional as well as an analytical study which was conducted in Niaz Medicure Clinic Faisalabad. QUS machine was used to measure the BMD. Participants were selected on the basis of non-purposive sampling. Pregnant women and those with disability were excluded from the study.  The ANOVA test was applied to the results and it was analyzed using the SPSS 24 software. Results: Osteopenia was relatively higher among unmarried females with the ratio of 68.4% than the married females with the ratio of 47.6%. About 30% married females had a normal BMD. Data analysis showed positive association of marital status with Osteopenia. The p value was found to be 0.001. High prevalence of Osteopenia was observed among both nulliparous and multiparous women. The results should 68.4% of the women with nullparity had Osteopenia while the ratio for women with 1-2 and 3-6 parity was 48% and 57.1% respectively. Conclusions: the frequency of Osteopenia was fairly high among married females. Osteopenia had a significant association between parity (0.005) and marital status (0.001). CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/3 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.3 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 28-32 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/3/4 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.3.g4 Copyright (c) 2020 PJHS (Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/4 2022-02-28T13:53:38Z pjhs:G.Edt driver

Emergency Peripartum Hysterectomy (EPH): A Taboo for Women: Emergency Peripartum Hysterectomy (EPH): A Taboo for Women Hayee, Sara Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure conducted to remove a part orwhole of uterus with or without ovaries and fallopian tubes. Uterusalso known as “Womb” is a muscular, bag like organ which holds theembryo later fetus for the whole gestation period till birth. Uterus notonly makes a woman fertile, it also holds endocrine functions whichare very much important for balanced hormonal conditions of afemale. Various medical conditions require hysterectomy forexample, uterine cancer, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, prolongedheavy vaginal bleedings, adenomyosis and adherent placenta. It is theleast option to be selected when there is no option to treat theundergoing medical condition. Although most of the hysterectomiesare performed in aged women having age above 40 or 50 where all ormost fertile life has been passed, but it is also common in youngwomen who suffer severe life threatening medical condition likeadherent placenta (placenta previa or accreta) in which placenta isabnormally implanted deeply in the uterine wall and may attach tourinary bladder. There are many types of hysterectomies which areadopted depending upon the medical issues for example, abdominal,vaginal, radical or subtotal. Hysterectomy leads a woman no longerable to reproduce, arrival of possible side effects including weightgain, facial hair growth and no estrogen formation if ovaries are alsoremoved. Most of females refuse for hysterectomy until the doctorsexplain there is no way out. The need of this operation is a majorshock for most of women while relief for some elderly women. Manymyths are associated with this problem. Women feels loss ofwomanhood. Anxiety, emotional disturbances after hysterectomycan lead to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This risk is morecommon in young females who are in their fertile ages. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/4 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.4 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 02-03 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/4/3 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.4.g3 Copyright (c) 2020 PJHS (Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/5 2022-02-28T14:03:54Z pjhs:O.A driver

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Scabies Among Health Care Workers in Sarhad Psychiatric Hospital Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afzal, Muhammad Rathor, Humayun Rashid Faridi, Tallat Anwar Scabies is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a disease of developing and low socioeconomic regions Objective: The aim of my study is to assess the knowledge attitude and practices level of health care workers of Sarhad Hospital for Psychiatric diseases Peshawar regarding scabies. Method: Study was conducted at Sarhad Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 120 health care workers (HCWs) were enrolled and asked questions related to their knowledge, attitude and practices towards scabies. Data was analyzed through SPSS latest version Results: The respondents were doctors, Nurses, and junior clinical technicians of both sexes. Regarding knowledge, it is assessed that more than 90% health care workers (HCWs) know about scabies, more than 70% knows the sign and symptoms of scabies, more than 60 know the causes. One of the most important things is that less than 30% HCWs know the causative agent of scabies i.e. mite Conclusion: The knowledge level of HCWs was satisfactory but the practices were not good enough. It is due to lack of facilities like isolation rooms, trained HCWs about infection control measures and lack of infection control team to implement these practices. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/5 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.5 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 24-28 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/5/29 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.5.g29 Copyright (c) 2020 PJHS (Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/6 2022-03-12T18:40:23Z pjhs:Rew.Art

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/7 2022-02-28T14:03:54Z pjhs:Rew.Art driver

Etiological Factors,Risk Stratification And Management Of Sepsis Among Septicemia Patients – A Review: Etiological Factors, Risk Stratification and Management Ashfaq, Memona Khalid, Sidra Kausar, Humera Infections represents a frequent medical concern in the individuals of all age group. Typically, the initial treatment given is adequate thus little treatment if required further. However, in some cases inadequate initial treatment is given to patients as response toward the infections which lead to the organ failure, this condition led to the sepsis. Sepsis happened when a dysregulated host reacted toward infection that causes a life-threatening organ dysfunction.It is generally brought about by microbes’growths,bacterial disease, or infections and at present there is no particular treatment; and lead to 30% mortality rate, causing millions of deaths per year worldwide. Recent definitions have been distributed for clinical practices and exploration. Efficacious administration requires a brief acknowledgment, rapid clinical assessment, antimicrobial treatment, source control and steady treatment. Early, and effective antimicrobial treatment is related with endurance from sepsis and increases the survival rate from the disease. Early diagnosis and management of source of infection (e.g., puss removal) plays a vital role in lowering the incidence rate of disease in many individuals. The early management of risk factors associated with sepsis can be managed by “sepsis six” heap of care among septicemia patients.This article audits key components of sepsis the board, zeroing in on finding, biomarkers and treatment. The super late development in treatment is the procedure of customized medication, in light of an exact methodology utilizing biomarkers to recognize explicit people who are probably going to profit from more customized consideration. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/7 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.7 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 09-23 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/7/35 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.7.g35 Copyright (c) 2020 PJHS (Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/8 2022-02-28T14:03:54Z pjhs:O.A driver

Association of Family History, Drinking and Transient Ischemic Attach with Coronary Artery Disease in a tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan Zaidi, Nasir Raza Rafi, Uzma Kabir, Mahvish Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cardiac disease, caused by the accumulation of a waxy substance called plaque inside the coronary arteries' lumens. CAD is the main cause of cardiovascular death worldwide, accounting for more than 4.5 million deaths in developing countries. Objective: To determine the association of family history, alcohol consumption and transient ischemic attack with coronary artery disease in Pakistani population. Methods: It was case-control research conducted in Lahore's Mayo Hospital, a tertiary medical facility. A total of 200 people were included in the study, with 100 being cases and the other 100 being controls. Non-probability sampling was used to enroll 77 males and 23 females in the cases and 52 males and 48 females in the controls. The data was analyzed with SPSS software, which was utilized to determine the relationship between various risk variables and CAD. Results: Results showed that CAD is more prevalent in males as compared to females (38.5% versus 11.5%). Family history was found to be substantially associated with coronary artery disease patients (p-value=0.000, OR=4.00). 24 had a history of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) and 76 did not have TIA, whereas in controls only 3 had TIA, and 97 did not have TIA. There is a statistically significant association of TIA with CAD. In CAD patients, 4 were alcoholics and 96 were non-alcoholics. In controls, 3 were alcoholic and 97 were nonalcoholic. There is no statistically significant association between alcohol and coronary artery disease. Conclusions: The current study has brought attention to the rising prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and associated risk factors, such as gender, family history, and Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA). The development of targeted efforts to raise knowledge about coronary artery disease and its associated risk factors, as well as an emphasis on lifestyle adjustment, is urgently required.     CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/8 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.8 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 29-34 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/8/30 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.8.g30 Copyright (c) 2020 THE JAS (Journal of Allied Health Sciences) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/9 2022-04-15T00:03:52Z pjhs:O.A driver

Study of Heavy Metals and Persistant Pollutants Concentrations in serum of Breast Cancer Patients Riaz, Ayesha Haider, Masooma Ashfaq, Usman Ali Riaz, Muhammad Ahsan Rafi, Uzma Siddiqui, Maria Fareed Asif, Hina Breast cancer patients; Heavy Metals; Persistent Pollutants Cancer is a lethal disorder originates from the uncontrolled cell division in human body. Breast cancer is most dreadful especially in women but also reported in male. Human is facing a lot of issues caused by rapid industrialization also causing the life-threatening hazards. Objective: It is designed to estimate the level of heavy metals (HMs) Ni, Cd and Pb in serum samples of breast cancer patients in Faisalabad district. Method: All serum samples were examined by Spectrophotometer for Atomic Absorption (AAS). Heavy metal concentrations were found in the results such as Ni, Cd and Pb in serum of breast cancer pateints higher  than control. Results:The levels of heavy metals concentration in breast cancer patients serum were trends in Pb>Ni>Cd compared with control group. Heavy metal toxicity has proven associated with several health risks. Conclusion: Our results evaluated statistically significantly high concentration of Pb, Ni and Cd heavy metals. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/9 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.9 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 35-41 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/9/31 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.9.g31 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/10 2022-03-12T18:06:07Z pjhs:Edt driver

Launch of Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences Mehboob, Riffat Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences (PJHS) is a biannual, peer reviewed, International journal, of Health Sciences. We hereby welcome you to the first issue of PJHS. It will deal with all the articles in medical, health, allied health and related disciplines. Types of studies included will be original articles, review articles, letter to editor, Guest Editorials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, case studies, case series, commentaries and opinion articles. Health and related disciplines have always been important as they are concerned with the health and well-being of populations. This journal aims to provide a platform to the health professionals, scientists, researchers and students to learn, share knowledge and gain information about the studies of other authors. Looking forward to a welcoming response and scholarly publications from the health professionals across the globe. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/10 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.10 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 01 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/10/5 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.10.g5 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/11 2022-03-12T18:18:31Z pjhs:Rew.Art driver

Breast Cancer Lesions and its classification Ayyub, Hafsa Hassan, Amber Ehsan, Kashifa Asif, Hina Kabir, Mahvish Breast cancer, Carcinoma, Metastasis, Lobular Carcinoma, Ductal carcinoma Breast cancer is a type of cancer that springs up from breast tissue, most generally from the privileged line of milk ducts or the lobules that supply milk from the ducts. There are two main types of breast cancer situ and invasive. situ carcinoma includes lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Invasive carcinoma includes invasive lobular carcinoma (ILS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Tumors that form in breast cancer are also of two types Benign and Malignant tumors. Benign tumors are well-differentiated; structure may be typical of tissue of origin. Metastasis is absent in it. Malignant Tumors have lack differentiation; the structure is mostly atypical whereas Metastasis is present. The most frequent symptoms found in women are breast pain, nipple discharge, and a palpable mass. Women having such problems have benign breast disease. Nipple discharge is the pronominal of breast cancer. The greatest incidence, boost level disease presentation, low endures rates have been found in Pakistan. Increased prevalence has a great impact on the economic status of Pakistan. It is reported that women have aged 50 years and older were extra liable to build up breast cancer than women with age less than 50 years. Fibroadenoma is the most frequent benign breast lesion CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/11 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.11 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 11-13 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/11/7 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.11.g7 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/12 2022-03-12T18:49:32Z pjhs:Rew.Art driver

Immune system and types of Immune responses Khalid, Sidra Saeed, Saman Kausar, Humera Siddiqui, Maria Fareed immune system, Adaptive immune system, tissues, Innate immune system Immunity is an evolutionarily conserved defense strategy, inherent in both plants and animals, for disease tolerance. It confers the host protection against viral, bacterial, protozoan, and fungal infections. Immune system cells emanate from the bone marrow and subsequently move to the peripheral tissues to defend them. They travel through the bloodstream and the lymphatic system, which is a specialized system of channels. They do so after maturation in the bone marrow These pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells give birth to all types of blood cells, earning them the name pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. The monocyte, neutrophil, and natural killer (NK) compartments represent the initial line of defense for innate immunological responses among immune cells Adaptive immune system or (behavioral immune response); The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, is a part of the immune system that comprises of specialized, systemic cells and processes that kill infections by inhibiting their proliferation. Innate and adaptive immune systems are separated into two categories, each with its own role. Innate immune system or cell-mediated immune response. Adaptive immune system or behavioral immune response. Innate immune system or (cell-mediated immune response); Anti-infection systems in the body's immune response can be engaged swiftly if a pathogen attacks. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/12 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.12 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 17-21 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/12/9 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.12.g9 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/13 2022-03-12T19:27:18Z pjhs:Rew.Art driver

Risk Factors for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Rafi, Uzma Kabir, Mahvish Asif, Hina Kanwal, Shazia Keywords: HPV, Skin warts, Risk factors, Oral cancer, Smoking Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer worldwide. Regular oral checkup is recommended for smokers and drinkers and preventive measures should be taken for discouraging and giving up the smoking.  Persons who don’t use tobacco and alcohol individually but in the combined form, they are at more risk, because the combination which raises the risk of oral cancer 15 times in users than non-users. Although tobacco smoking and alcohol intake are risk factors of oral cancer but their combined effects are more harmful as compare to individual ones. After tobacco smoking, HPV is the most common causative agent for oral cancer in the United states.  Different types of HPV are associated with infections. Skin warts are also caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV infection is transmitted through many ways. The most important of which are prenatal. genital infections, through blood, shared objects and hands. If the objects are contaminated with HPV infection, and they are shared to one person to the other, then there is a possible chance of transmission of HPV. Fingers-genital contact is a unlikely to be a significant source but it is a possible way of HPV to be transmitted. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/13 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.13 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 04-10 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/13/6 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.13.g6 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/14 2022-03-12T20:03:08Z pjhs:Rew.Art driver

Health Benefits of Asparagus Rizwan, Bahisht Asparagus, medicinal herbs, traditional plants Medicinal herbs are natural and harmless way to improve health. These herbs have therapeutic potential and pharmacological properties against various diseases of humans and animals. Since ancient times, the herbal remedies or traditional medicines are in use by humans. They contain many effective ingredients such as vitamins and micronutrients which may be useful to cure various illnesses. Asparagus also known as sparrow grass is used as spring vegetable. It contains asparagusic acid. It has many health benefits and we will over view its pharmacological properties as well as its therapeutic potential.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/14 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.14 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 14-16 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/14/8 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.14.g8 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/15 2022-03-12T20:26:22Z pjhs:O.A driver

Iron expression in the biopsies of patients with different grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Faridi, Tallat Anwar Dar, Ali Junaid Tanvir, Imrana Hassan, Bilal Oral squamous cells carcinoma, Iron expression, Malnutrition, Iron deficiency Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is becoming a frequent problem all over the world and its etiological factors are different in different areas of the world. Iron is a pivotal nutrient and its deficiency is considered as malnutrition. The possibility that low iron intake might cause oral cancer needs to be investigated Objective: To evaluate the expression of iron in different grades of oral cancer.  Methods: A total of 40 biopsy samples of OSCC were included in this study, comprising of 35% well and moderately differentiated and 25% in poorly differentiated cases.Iron staining was performed on all the cases and routine hematoxylin-eosin staining was also performed. Cases were then assessed by two independent hisptopathologists Results: Increased expression of iron in early stage of cancer was observed, which is well differentiated stage. Moderate expression was observed in moderately differentiated stage and almost no expression was observed in highly advanced stage of cancer which is poorly differentiated stage.   Conclusions: According to this study, it has been concluded that there is more prevalence of oral cancer in males than in females because the males of this region are more involve in cigratte smoking and the use of oral drugs like pan, gutka, mishri and other types of chewing drugs. Iron deficiency in the body may lead to OSCC. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/15 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.15 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 01; 22-27 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/15/10 10.54393/pjhs.v1i01.15.g10 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/16 2022-03-12T20:50:31Z pjhs:Edt driver

Common risk factors of Oral cancer Mehboob, Riffat Risk factors oral cancer head and neck cancer There are several causes of head and neck cancers. These include dietary causes (improper intake of vitamins and nutrients), human paillomavirus, epstien-bar virus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, tobacco smoming, alcohol use and chewing of betal nut, pan and gutka. Among all these, the most prominent causes that develops the tumors of HNSCC are alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking [1]. There are also othe rmany causes including cigar smoking that directly affects the oral cavity and other environmetal  carcinogens consistutes professional disease hazards including exposure of textile fibres, wood working and refining of nickel [2,3]. Use of Marijuana also known as Cannabis, Hashish or Hash oil increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma and it is the most common drug which is used legally among the population of United state [4].   Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in excessive amounts are the major risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma [5]. Epidemiological studies in the world have implicated that there are also other many factors related to diet and nutrition that increases the risk of disease. These factors include low intake of fruits in daily diet [6] and foods rich in animal products such as diary and meat, whereas the diets which includes fruits, vegetables, cereals and olive oil and supplementation with different vitamins  gives the protection against the disease and decreases the risk up to certain level. In a study, it is found that the use of wood stove cooking and intake of chilli powder increases the risk. Generally chemopreventive agents decreases the size of oral leukoplakia or the frequency of secondary oral cancers in the chemoprevention trials [7]. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/16 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.16 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 01-01 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/16/32 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.16.g32 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/17 2022-04-14T18:59:08Z pjhs:G.Edt

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/18 2022-03-12T21:39:55Z pjhs:Rew.Art driver

Medicinal Properties of Asparagus Khalid, Sidra Asparagus, Medicinal Properties, Traditional herb Asparagus ia a vegetable and a medicinal or traditional herb. It has many health benefits because of its pharmacological properties and the active ingredients responsible for its effectiveness against various illnesses. A few medicinal Properties are discussed below: Anti-Inflammation Property of Asparagus Anti-inflammation can be defined as “It acts on body responses and reduce the inflammation, without directly counteracting the active agent such as glucocorticoids and aspirin”. One of these saponins has been of unique exuberance for relationship to amyotrophic horizontal sclerosis, otherwise called Lou Gehrig's Disease [1]. Even however amyotrophic parallel sclerosis is delegated a perpetual, neurodegenerative illness and isn't right now acknowledged as an immune system issue, over the top, undesirable irritation may assume an imperative part in the passing of certain nerve cells in amyotrophic sidelong sclerosis. In this mitigating setting, it is important that current research on the shatavarins in asparagus has uncovered another assemblage of saponins that impact aggravation through cytokine informing [2]. Asparagus as the Best Antioxidant Analysts in Brazil has estimated the general reinforcement limit of asparagus. These specialists broke down twenty three ordinarily eaten vegetables in Brazil including asparagus. Their general outcomes demonstrated turmeric, watercress, lettuces, and broccoli to give the best general cancer prevention agent limit. Be that as it may, in a portion of the vegetables testing, asparagus turned out in the best ten among each of the twenty three vegetables for general cancer prevention agent limit. This finding isn't astonishing, given thenumerous customary and offbeat cell reinforcements show in asparagus. It merits recollecting here that asparagus positions as an astounding wellspring of both vitamin E and vitamin C two spotlight antioxidantas well as the mineral selenium, which assumes a key part in the capacity of glutathione peroxidase a standout amongst the most-examined cell reinforcement proteins in the body [3].The impact of methanolic concentrate of Asparagus pubescens was explored on compound, warm actuated agony and new egg whites incited aggravation. The concentrate measurement conditionally pent-up acidic corrosive incited wiggling, formalin-initiated torment licking and hot plate-actuated agony in mice. The concentrate essentially hindered the new egg whites prompted irritation in rats also. These hindrances were measurably critical [4]. Antidepressant Activity The methanolic extract of asparagus demonstrated a decrease in immobility time in FST and TST in mice, which was comparable to imipramine and increase the levels of dopamine in vitro [5]. Futhermore, it was found to significantly brain monoamine oxidase levels as compared to control in a study focusing on finding the underlying mechanism of action, it was seen that methanolic extracts significantly inhibited cholinesterase and MAO activities [6]. In another study, antidepressant like activity was seen with methanolic root extract in FST and learned helplessness model [7]. Anti Amnesic Activity Ethanolic root extract of asparagus was observed to produce a significant dose dependent enhancement of memory in the elevated plus maze model in mice [8]. The effect being significantly higher then the produced by piracetam [9].  Also there was an increase in the acetylcholinestrease levels in hippocampus areas associated with learning and memory [10].  In another study, methanolic exracts was found to reverse amnesia produced by scopolamine and sodium nitrate in  the EPM  and Morris water maze model in mice [11]. Analgesic Action Aqueous and alcohalic root extracts of asparagus has been found to produce indicative analgesic action in heat conduction model. In another study, ethanolic extracts of asparagus was found to inhibit writing reflex in acetic acid induced writing model in mice [12]. Antipyretic Action The ethanolic extracts of asparagus  showed significant more antipyretic activity in albino Wistar rats than the aqueous extract in the yeast-derived pyrexia model, an effect comparable to normal antipyretic paracetamol [13]. Asparagus root extract which contains highest amount of flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamin-C exhibits the greatest antioxidant activity. Asparagus is likewise rich in flavonoid rutin REFERENCES CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/18 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.18 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 02-03 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/18/33 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.18.g33 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Differentiation and TNM staging of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Differentiation and TNM staging of Oral Squamous Perveen, Shahida Tanvir, Imrana Ehsan, Kashifa Asif, Hina Head and neck cancer, Carcinoma, Smoking, Risk factors, Lungs Head and neck carcinoma has great regional distribution in sub sites with distinct anatomical and physiological variation. Alcohol consumption, excessive smoking and hematopoetic stem cell transplantation are common risk factors for head and neck  carcinoma. Alcohol consumption & tobacco chewing has a strong relationship with the development of oral,  larynx, pharynx cancers. A typical HNSCC has a superficial changes such as scaling, crusting, presence of  cutaneous horn and ulceration. The stage of disease is apparent in the form of symptoms of head and neck carcinoma. Genetic alterations accumulation is source of initiation and development of carcinogenic cells. The development of HNSCC is based on many factors. Its underlying mechanism is based on the genetic and molecular changes along with repetitive injury to the epithelial layer by external stimuli. Different types of smoking such as Cigar, Pipe, Huqqa etc exist in sub-continent and smoke from these sources contain toxic agents like tar and carbon monoxide. Mouth cavity and lungs are the places where tar being sticky substance deposits and cause many respiratory and oral diseases. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/19 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.19 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 04-08 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/19/34 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.19.g34 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Role of Epigenetic alterations in the development of cancers : Role of Epigenetic Alterations Mehboob, Riffat Many different factors are involved in the progression of cancers. Genes mutations and chromosomal abnormalities are normally considered main cause of cancers but there are some other reason for the development of cancers. Other cancer causing factors are known as epigenetic alterations [1,2]. Epigentic modification of genome is known as epigenetic alterations, lead toward cancer cells production. Epigentic modification does not cause change in sequences of nucleotide. Similar to genetic alteration epigenetic alteration can’t be ignored [3]. Basically mechanisms behind epigenetic modifications are deregulation of DNA proteins, change in CpG island methylation,  change in histone, oncogenes activation and deactivation of tumor suppressor [4]. Epigenetic alterations is directly linked with functional alterations of genome.  Alteration in DNA methylation, histone degeneration  and functional and structural abnormalities of chromosomes are the major examples of epigenetic modifications [5]. The main function of all epigenetic alterations is to modulate gene expression with same DNA  sequences. Means these changes never effect main basal sequence oF DNA [6], which remain same in cell division [7]. Many different types of cancers contains large number of epigenetic alterations, the most important of these are epigenetic alterations that occurs in DNA repair genes. These DNA repair genes drive slow expression of DNA  proteins. These abnormalities cause genetic unreliability, which is mainly considered as characteristic of various cancers [8,9].  CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/20 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.20 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 01-01 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/20/12 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.20.g12 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Chronic Liver Disease Shabbir, Aisha Arshad, Misbah Dar, Ali Junaid Khalid, Sidra Chronic liver disease, Pathophysiology, Bio-markers, Fibrosis, Aspartate Transaminase Chronic liver disease (CLD) is caused by an inflammatory damage to the liver that lasts six months or more. The development of new blood vessels, regardless of the underlying aetiology, is a fundamental process in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Given the fact that CLDs often advance from hepatocyte injury to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, in rare circumstances, hepatocellular cancer, CLDs cannot be regarded a single illness (HCC). Neovascularisation and the creation of an aberrant angioarchitecture are linked in the pathological course of CLDs. Asymptomatic individuals with modestly increased liver enzymes such as Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (ALT) are frequently found in basic care. Biochemical indicators include serum bilirubin, alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, aminotransferase ratio, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, 5' nucleotidase, ceruloplasmin, and alpha-fetoprotein. In conclusion, further epidemiological and pathophysiology research is needed. A better knowledge of the molecular pathways behind geriatric chronic liver disease will aid in determining the best diagnostic and treatment strategy for each older patient. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/22 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.22 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 03-07 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/22/22 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Immunity and Autoimmune system-a review: Immunity and Autoimmune system Khalid, Sidra Asif, Hina Kabir, Mahvish Immunity, autophagy, autoimmune diseases Infection happened once a microorganism invaded the body cells and reproduced. Infection sometimes caused associated degree of responses. If the reaction was swift and efficient, the infection would be eradicated or controlled before the illness develops. In most cases, infections led to sickness. Diseases occurred once Immunity is minimal or non-existent, once the microorganism's pathogenicity (its proclivity for wreaking havoc on host cells) is increased, and after the number of infections in the body has reached a critical level. betting on the communicable disease, symptoms vary greatly. The immune system is weakened by major immunological disease disorders, also known as primary immune diseases or primary immunological disorder, which makes infections and other health issues more likely. Fever and fatigue are common signs that the immune system isn't working properly, despite the fact that the symptoms of immune diseases vary. Immune deficits are usually detected by blood tests that assess the number of immune components present or their usefulness. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/24 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.24 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 03-07 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/24/17 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.24.g17 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Association Between Morning Sickness and Quality of Life Among Pregnant Females : Morning Sickness and Quality of Life Among Pregnant Females Arshad, Aimen Aslam, Maria Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy (NVP), Quality of Life (QOL), Hyperemesis gravidarum, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF), Depression. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) is very common and may have great impact on quality of life of women. Nausea and vomiting causes negative effect on physical and mental health of women Objective: To find the association between morning sickness and nausea and vomiting in pregnant women Methods: A Cross Sectional study performed at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore for period of 4 months. 100 pregnant females were selected by non-probability sampling technique. The information on nausea and vomiting was measured by using questionnaire at enrollment, as well as potential confounders (i.e., maternal/gestational age, educational level, parity, body mass index, chronic/infectious conditions, sleep quality, headache, anxiety, and depression) WHOQOL scale was used to assess the quality of life of patients Results: Out of 100 pregnant females, 45 females were in their 1st trimester, 37 females were in their 2nd trimester and 18 were in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The mean age of patients was 1.85±0.989. 76 were suffering from morning sickness at some point.  Low scores were found for physical health domain, psychological domain and environmental domain of WHOQOL among pregnant females. There was a strong association between fatigue due to nausea and physical health domain and psychological health domain of WHOQOL. There was also a strong association between depression and disturbed activities due to nausea and vomiting. There was no significant association found in socio-economic status and nausea and vomiting Conclusions: Nausea and vomiting is a physically morbid disease, affecting most pregnancies. Nausea and vomiting have a significant detrimental impact on quality of life, especially physical quality of life. It also affects psychological health of a person causing depression. Despite this, we found low treatment, even in those with moderate/severe symptoms. Women should be encouraged to seek assistance for morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum from the health practitioner. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/25 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.25 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 23-28 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/25/14 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.25.g14 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Association between potential risk factors and the occurrence of coronary artery disease: Potential Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease Zaidi, Nasir Raza Asif, Hina Kabir, Mahvish Khalid, Sidra CAD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking Coronary artery disease is the major reason for high death rates in the United States and other European countries. In Pakistan, men are at greater risk of developing (CAD) in early ages as compared to women. A good deal of people suffering from CAD in Pakistan, belongs to the lower middle socioeconomic level. Aims of the present study were to observe risk factors associated with coronary artery disease e.g. smoking, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Methods: It was a case control study carried out in Mayo hospital, a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. The study sample was 200, from which 100 were cases and other 100 were controls. In cases 77 were   males and 23 were females and in controls 52 were males and 48 females were enrolled by using non-probability sampling. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and for finding out the association between different risk factors and CAD. Results: CAD was 4 times more in hypertensive cases as compared to non hypertensive cases; there is statistically significant association of hypertension with coronary artery disease. 42 were diabetics and 58 were non diabetic, and in controls 16 were diabetics and 84 were non-diabetic. There is statistically significant association of diabetes with coronary artery disease. In CAD patients 49 were smokers and 52 were non smokers. In controls 22 were smokers and 78 were non smokers. There is statistically significant association of smoking with coronary artery disease. In coronary artery disease patients 48 were obese and 52 were non-obese. In controls 27 were obese and 73 were non obese. There is statistically significant association of obesity with CAD. Conclusion: The present research has highlighted the increasing prevalence of CAD and its risk factors e.g. hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity. Development of focused strategies to improve awareness regarding coronary artery disease and its potential risk factors along with stressing on lifestyle modification is need of the hour. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/26 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.26 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 35-39 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/26/16 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.26.g16 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Demographic characterization of patients suffering from tuberculosis visiting tertiary care hospital’ Lahore Arshad, Misbah Tariq, Muniba Ashfaq, Maimoona Khalid, Sidra Kamran, Hafsa Aslam, Maria Sharmeen, Zainab Demographic characterization, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Extra pulmonary tuberculosis, CAT treatment  Tuberculosis is a contagious disease, primarily caused by bacteria specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bwis, or M. africanum. TB is a communicable disease involving impoverishment, mal-nutrition and poor immune system. Morbidity and mortality of TB are measured very high in developing countries Objective: To assess the demographic characterization of tuberculosis patients visiting Tertiary Care Hospital Lahore Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the chest department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore during November-2018 to January-2019. A sample of 100 tuberculosis patients was selected through non-probability convenient sampling technique. Patients were assessed through pre-tested questionnaire. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis Results: Among 100 participants, 55 patients were female and 45 patients were male. The prevalence of tuberculosis is more in female than male. 24% male and 22% female were suffering from pulmonary TB. The mean age of the patients was 35 years. Geographically 59% were from urban areas; 42% patients belonged to lower class. BMI of 47% patients were normal; 39% patients were underweight; 10% patients were overweight and 4%patients were obese. 60% patients were living joint family and 59% were from urban areas Conclusion: It was concluded that the prevalence of tuberculosis is more common in urban or congested areas. Socioeconomic status also has a significant impact on the development of disease. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/27 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.27 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 17-22 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/27/13 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.27.g13 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Evaluation of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism in Children Below Five Year of Age Residing in Lahore: Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism among Children Attique, Bakhtawar Elahi, Shan Kausar, Humera Children, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Hormones, TSH, FT4 ,FT3 Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism occur due to insufficient production and over production of thyroid hormones. Identification of thyroid diseases at neonatal and developing years enable physicians to treat thyroid dysfunction at the appropriate time and correspondingly aid to find hyperthyroidism in children below 3.5 year of age which is rare in children below five years of age. Objectives: 1To determine hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in children below 5 years of age by a biochemical screening of FT3, FT4, and TSH in the blood sample. 2Determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in children. Methods: 5ml blood samples were collected from hypothyroid and hyperthyroid children. Blood samples were centrifuged. Levels of FT4 and FT3 in the serum was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and level of TSH was determined by immuno-radiometric Assay (IRMA). Samples were analyzed, by computerized gamma counter. Thyroid hormone level distribution was analyzed by using Chi-Square and T-Test. Results: Sixty five children were selected for the study, 34 male and 31 female children. Among 13 abnormal children, 4 (30.8%) were hyperthyroid because of their TSH level < 0.3 mIU/L and remaining 9 (69.2%) children were hypothyroid there TSH > 5.0 mIU/L. Goiter was found in three children which is a rare entity in children below 5 years of age. The goiter was found in children who had hypothyroidism. Conclusion: There was no significant age difference between hypothyroid and hyperthyroid children. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism was more in female as compared to male but the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in the normal concentration of serum of thyroid hormone between male and female children. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/28 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.28 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 29-34 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/28/15 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.28.g15 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Mobile Phone Usage and its health impacts: Mobile Phone Usage and its health impacts Kabir, Mahvish Mobile phone usage sedentary life style online mode The frequency of mobile phone usage has been on the rise in past few decades around the world. This trend has even much increased in last 2 years of COVID-19 pandemic. Whole scenario of work, education, entertainment has been totally changed and shifted from physical activity to online mode. People have started doing everything on mobile phones via applications e.g. booking a car, ordering a food, taking lectures, playing games, consulting a physician, doing zoom meetings and entertainment is also restricted to online activities. In one way its positive that everything is just one click away and you don’t have to go out even for grocery shopping. On the otherhand, people have become very lazy and have stopped all kind of physical activities which has impacted adversely on their health. It is often argued by some that increased cell phone usage has resulted in the rise of psychological and physical issues among the youth, well they are right to much extent. Although, people who use social media sites more than usual, they feel that they are relaxed but actually that is just an illusion for a time being. Sleeping patterns of the people has been totally disturbed who used mobile phone excessively. The have been sleeping in odd timings and therefore eating randomly. Hence, this is an eye opener for the society and authorities that excessive and un checked usage of mobile phone has caused many mental and physical health issues. We must take firm measures to educate, train and motivate people towards an active and healthy life style. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/29 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.29 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 02-02 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/29/11 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.29.g11 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Health Related Quality of Life in HIV Positive Individuals : Health Related Quality of Life in HIV Positive Individuals Noreen, Sana Rehman, Abdul Kanwal, Rabia Human Immunodeficiency virus AIDS HIV Health Related Quality of Life Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients require social assistance which has a substantial influence on Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). Physical, emotional and awareness aid are the three key building blocks of societal support system. It is critical to distinguish between these types of societal support because they are so interrelated yet their roles are so diverse and substitutable. For individuals suffering from AIDS/HIV it’s difficult to do day to day chores, engage in simple to severe physical activity. They also usually lack the potency to indulge in any social life actively. In these individuals, lack of energy or fatigue has resulted in psychological and physical morbidity, along with poor QOL. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/30 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.30 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 02; 08-10 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/30/18 10.54393/pjhs.v2i02.30.g18 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Evaluation of the Level of Anxiety in Patients with Stammering : Level of Anxiety in Patients with Stammering Butt, Ufaq Azzam Khan, Muhammad Saeed, Bareera Yaqoob, Saba Noreen, Hafsa Anwar Faridi, Tallat Stammerers, Social Anxiety, Patients Stammering is an issue during discourse. Individuals who hesitate generally or experience difficulty getting sound after it has been suspended. In uncommon cases, stammering may start in adulthood, it is known as faltering or stammering too, and is normally brought about by a stroke, which causes cerebrum harm. Objective: To find out levels of anxiety in stammers. Methods: Study design was cross sectional observational survey. Data were collected from children hospital, Mayo hospital, Sehat complex, The University of Lahore Hospital, bases Guldberg, Falah foundation. Sheikh Zaid hospital, Services hospital, Amin Maktab and social media platforms Study duration was 9 months. Sample size was 100 formula used was N=Z2p (1-p) /d2. N for sample technique. Z for confidence interval P=stands for prevalence and D for precision. Sampling technique used was Convenience sampling technique. Sample selection was done on the bases of inclusions criteria BECK anxiety tool was used as equipment tool. Results: 100 people were observed during the process most of the people who stammer during anxiety were 40 to 50 of their age. Mostly people who were affected were from rural areas 51%. 41% of the students were from intermediate level. Mostly males suffer from stammering. Conclusion: The results showed that the level of anxiety is mild which mostly affects the people. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/31 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.31 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 22-25 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/31/66 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.31.g66 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Impact of Green Tea on Cardiovascular Patients Suffering from Endothelial Dysfunction and Myocardial Infarction Khalid, Sidra Arshad, Mibah Ashfaq, Maimoona Jafri, Syeda Uroosa Saeed, Saman Green Tea, Endothelial Dysfunction, Myocardial Infarction, Health, Patients Globally tea consumption is common besides water. Green tea has been taken as a health stimulating drink since prehistoric time. From tea group polyphenols of green tea have been examined for cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment. All around the world scientists have assessed the possible wellbeing profits of green tea for health due to its plentiful catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), in current centuries. Objective: To conclude the impact of green tea on cardiovascular patients suffering from endothelial dysfunction and myocardial infarction. Methods: Total of 21 cardiovascular patients, of both sexes, were randomly selected and followed up, with green tea intake, for two months. Two types of teas were used in the study, commonly available green tea in market and branded green tea. Their anthropometric measurements, body mass index, blood glucose level, blood lipid profile and electro cardio gram were done at the start, after a month and at the end of the trial. Results: The results showed that both local and branded green tea has an overall non-significant effect on body weight, blood glucose, LDL, HDL, triglyceride, cholesterol, and cholesterol: HDL and total lipids. As compared to control group both teas were effective in curing CVD. Comparative efficacy of both teas showed that Lipton green tea more significantly lowered the body weight, blood glucose, triglycerides, total lipids, cholesterol, SLDL, HDL and cholesterol: HDL was significantly increased. Conclusions: This study concluded that branded green tea is more effective in lowering weight, regulating the level of glucose in blood, modifying the lipid profile hence preventing the risk of CVD. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/32 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.32 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 23-29 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/32/26 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/33 2022-04-12T08:37:02Z pjhs:O.A driver

Functional Quality of Services Delivered In the Physical Therapy Departments Aziz, Sadia Bhatti, Aziz Ullah Malik, Tariq Yusuf, Zeshan Quality in healthcare sector is mandatory and highly desirable in order to provide the patients with utmost care and empathy. Objective: To assess the functional quality of services delivered in the physical therapy department of private hospitals in Bahawalpur Methods: It's a cross-sectional investigation. Non-probability convenient sampling was used as a sampling approach. In this survey-based study, patients were interviewed to learn about their perceptions and expectations of the quality of physical therapy treatments provided in various hospitals. Results: There was a total of 101 patients, 60 were males and 41 were females. The age range was 31-60 years. The total gap of all items in tangibility, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and access/affordability was 0.83, 1.58, 2.52, 0.98, and 0.95 respectively. The overall gap was 0.55 Conclusions: The reliability component has the largest gap between expectation and perception, whereas the access and affordability dimension has the smallest. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/33 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.33 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 35-42 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/33/28 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/34 2022-04-12T08:38:05Z pjhs:O.A driver

Sociodemographic variables associated with knowledge regarding dengue Vector Control Among the Community of Tehsil Sahiwal, Sargodha Aslam, Muhammad Faridi, Tallat Anwar Hameed, Sajid As dengue is a devastating disease, adequate steps by the community are essential for its control and prevention. Dengue fever is an important public health issue not only in Pakistan but also in developed countries. Insufficient basic infrastructure, rural-urban migration, water storage, rapid populace growth, and increase in solid waste volume. Objective: To access the knowledge of the community regarding dengue Vector Control and sociodemographic variables. Methods: The research was conducted in a community setting and was cross-sectional. The study took place in the Tehsil Sahiwal in the District of Sargodha. A total of 384 people took part in the study. Results: Among 384 respondents, 35 (9.1%) were government employees and majority (51.1%) were working in private firms while 153 (39.8%) respondent were housewives/jobless. Conclusion: Knowledge for dengue control program was found to be good (53.9%) in the selected population of Tehsil Sahiwal, Sargodha. However, people should be continued to be educated through television, newspapers, awareness campaigns. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/34 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.34 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 30-34 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/34/27 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/35 2022-04-12T08:38:58Z pjhs:O.A driver

Chronic Renal Disease and Related Factor in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis at Public Hospital, Lahore City Ali, Mahrukh Khalid, Sidra To identify association of sociodemographic, clinical, anxiety and medication adherence factors with health related factors of patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods:It was a cross-sectional study including 100 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. A pre-tested questionnaire having sociodemographic and kidney disease related questions was used to assess the patients. They were asked regarding the duration of disease, complications arising before and after hemodialysis or any comorbidity. Data was analysis using SPSS latest version Results: It was observed that there is high associations between sociodemographic and clinical factors with improved health related quality of life.Complications that may arise were depression, repetitive infections, pain, anemia, weakness after the dialysis session Conclusions: It is very important to manage the health related factors that are associated with chronic kidney disease. It will help the suffering patients and improve their quality of life and ailment. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/35 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.35 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 14-18 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/35/24 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.35.g24 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/36 2022-04-12T08:39:41Z pjhs:Rew.Art driver

Physicochemical Properties of Water Chestnut Alam, Hajra Mir Naeem, Rubab Rubab, Ghulam Bilal, Hania Arooj, Huria Ashraf, Iqra Hassan, Mashal Nasir, Laiba Rizwan, Bisma Shehzad, Shehreen Tariq, Rameesha Trapa natans, sometimes known as water chestnut, is a small herb that belongs to the Trapaceae family and is widely used across the world due to its nutraceutical characteristics. Gongorrhea, menorrhagia, and other genital infections are all treated using the whole plant. It is most commonly used to treat diarrhoea, constipation, ophthalmopathy, ulcers, and wounds. These are also used to treat serious conditions in pitta, such as consuming sensations, dipsia, dyspepsia, discharge, hemoptysis, looseness of the bowels, diarrhoea, and, strangely, irregular fever, disease, weakness, aggravation, urethrorrhea, breaks, erysipelas, lumbago, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and general debility Trapa natans has a great quantity of minerals, particles, to be particular, Ca, K, Na, Zn, and nutrients; saponins, phenols, alkaloids, H-gift, and flavonoids are accounted to be in the plants, maybe because to their photochemical characteristic. Dietary and biochemical studies of Trapa natans derivatives in 100 g revealed. Carbohydrate content was 22.30 and 71.55 percent, protein content was 4.40 percent and 10.80 percent, moisture content, fiber content, and fat content were 70.35 and 7.30, 2.05 and 6.35, 2.30 and 8.50, and 0.65 and 1.85, respectively, the mineral content of the seeds was 32 mg and 102.85 mg calcium, 1.4 and 3.8 mg iron, and 121 and 325 mg phosphorus in 100 g, and seeds of Trapa natans. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/36 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.36 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 08-13 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/36/23 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.36.g23 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/37 2022-07-15T12:02:26Z pjhs:O.A

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/38 2022-04-13T11:46:59Z pjhs:O.A driver

Gender Based Differences in COVID-19 Patients Hassan, Amber Waseem, Humaira Khalid, SIdra Mumtaz, SamiUllah COVID-19, Gender, Diseased, Co-morbid, Severity acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has become a worldwide public health emergency. COVID-19 symptoms include cough, sputum production, fever, myalgia, irregular heartbeat, dyspnea, headache, diarrhea, and a painful throat. Objective: To evaluate the gender-based differences among COVID patients. Methods: A total of 150 people took part in the cross-sectional study. The information was gathered using a self-structured questionnaire and non-probability convenient sampling. The subjects' written informed consents were obtained prior to the start of the study. The analysis of the data was done by using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The findings revealed that hypertension was the most common comorbidity among COVID-19 patients, followed by diabetes mellitus, especially in females. Males were more likely to have renal problems and asthma. The severity of the disease and gender had a significant relationship (p=0.001), according to the analysis. Conclusions: There was a strong link between gender and disease severity. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/38 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.38 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 19-22 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/38/25 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/39 2022-04-12T09:45:23Z pjhs:G.Edt driver

Beneficial vs Adverse Role of Food in Autoimmune disease: A Controversy Imran, Muhammad Nutrition diet autoimmunity Autoimmune diseases are elaborated as the failure of white blood cells (WBS’s) auto-tolerance system thus, creating a loop of inactivity of immune response. Imbalance WBC’s activation initiates the autoantigens production that leads to tissue damage in body. It is estimated that autoimmune diseases beat the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases along with cancer in all over the world. Women are more likely to suffer as compared to men. Some of the prevailing autoimmune disease includes rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s and celiac disease and several more. Autoimmune diseases have two main factors, non-modifiable such as age, gender, genetic history and past infection history. On the other side, modifiable factors are one that can be changed to cure or reduce the chances of autoimmune disease. Dietary patterns are one of the leading modifiable factors in autoimmune disease. It has been concluded that the type of food we consume, plays a huge role in occurrence or as a therapy to treat autoimmune disease. It all depends on the type of food we eat. Autoimmune diseases may cause dysbiosis, disturbed microflora, inflammation in intestine and systematic inflammation in the body. Consuming excessive amount of vegetable oil, trans fats and hydrogenated oils results in the occurrence of autoimmune disease. However, omega-3 fatty acid enriched diet along with antioxidant supplementation, shields the body from lymphocytes disturbed mechanism in immune system. Emerging techniques in researches proofs that intake of whole and natural foods and following vegan diet, high fiber intake, gluten free diet with excluding processed food ultimately lowers the dysbiosis thus, reduces the chances of autoimmunity in tissue or organs. Similarly, consuming food with less arachidonic acid in diet or limiting arachidonic acid, upto 6 portions of fruits and vegetables daily and low sodium intake positively support intestinal functions and micro flora. These factors protect the body from etiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity of human body is one of the vast subjects and requires a lot of research to study the cause, treatment with its inter-related factors. Around 50 million people of US alone suffer from autoimmune diseases and women are more likely to develop autoimmunity as compared to men. As previous data is not enough to conclude that which type of food is beneficial or  harmful in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases, so it is necessary to conclude more researches, experiments and surveys to find out the sustainability of certain food in autoimmune disease. Environmental factors also play an integral role along with dietary factors. To understand the relation of food, type of food and its role in triggering the autoimmunity of tissues or organs, we need more researchers to figure out the nature of food components and their interaction with human body. Thus, we can introduce new and safe initiatives to cure autoimmune diseases. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/39 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.39 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 02 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/39/21 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/40 2022-04-13T21:56:39Z pjhs:Edt driver

Role of Stevia in Diabetes Tanvir, Imrana Around 80% of the world populaces rely only upon plants for their wellbeing and recovery.  While in the developed countries, dependence on medical procedure and drug medication is more habitual nevertheless in the recent times, an ever increasing number of individuals are preferring natural supplements. These days inspiration of individuals towards herbs is expanding because of the worry about the adverse effects of synthetic medications. Stevia is a nutritious sugar and could be of tremendous assistance for diabetic patients. It has an extremely low caloric value. Stevia contains two glycosides, in particular stevioside and rebaudioside A. Besides glycosides, Stevia contains an assorted combination of labdanediterpenes, triterpenes, stigmasterol, tannins as well as volatile oils. One might say that Stevia is a very secure and a non-harmful sugar for diabetics and might be useful in preventing cardiovascular ailments in patients with long-standing diabetes in its long term use. The feasible glucose lowering activity is because of the immediate effect of steviosides on pancreatic beta cells to discharge more insulin and to work on their capacity in gluco-toxicity. It can likewise force its hypoglycemic impact as it improves the first stage insulin reaction and consequently decreases the glucagon levels. It is in this way firmly suggested for the use of diabetic patients and might be utilized as a sugar substitute also with an extraordinary level of viability and wellbeing. Because of the attention on stevia for individuals with diabetes, many individuals keep thinking about whether it can treat or fix the condition. Presently there is no cure for diabetes, yet individuals can deal with the condition by using medications and by changing way of life. Stevia can assist with supporting these way of life changes. Consuming stevia instead of sugar in sweetened beverages and foods might assist individuals with diabetes settle their blood glucose levels. This substitution for sugar may likewise decrease the quantity of calories that an individual consumes, which is probably going to help in weight reduction. As excessive fat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and its complications, which consists of heart and kidney issues. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/40 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01.40 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 02 Issue 01; 01 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v2i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/40/20 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/41 2022-08-12T11:19:52Z pjhs:O.A driver

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Placenta Previa and its Associated Risk Factors with Parity and Previous Cesarean Section: Placenta Previa and its Associated Risk Factors with Parity Amir, Arshia John, Akash Ali, Abid Fatima, Nayab Bakhtawar, Khadija Postpartum hemorrhage, Antepartum hemorrhage, Placenta accreta, Thrombophlebitis Placenta previa is a pregnancy condition in which the placenta is positioned abnormally either partially or completely covering the cervix. Females with prior cesarean section are at increased risk of developing placenta previa. Objective: To evaluate Placenta Previa and its Associated Risk Factors with Parity and Previous Cesarean Section using ultrasound. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study carried out at the private sector hospital of Gujranwala over 4 months period from December 2021 to March 2022. A total of 42 patients were selected using a convenient sampling approach. Patients identified with placenta previa following ultrasound examination were included after receiving informed consent. The patient’s demographic statistics were collected on a specially designed data collecting sheet. The data were analyzed using the SSPS V20.0. Results: The result of this study revealed that women in their 20-30 years are most affected. Most of the women 27(64.3%) with placenta previa present asymptomatic. Risk increases with an increased number of parity and prior cesarean section. Anterior location is the most prevalent location for placenta previa 20(47.6%). Conclusion: The ultrasound is fully capable of detecting placenta previa, its type, and location. There is a direct relationship between previous cesarean section and multiparity with the risk of developing placenta previa. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/41 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.41 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 34-37 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/41/44 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.41.g44 Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/42 2022-08-12T11:19:52Z pjhs:O.A driver

Sonographic Evaluation of Urinary Bladder Wall Thickness in Healthy Adults : Urinary Bladder Wall Thickness in Healthy Adults Zafar, Aiman John, Akash Ali, Abid Ansar, Arooj Ashfaq, Nayyar Ultrasound, Bladder thickness, Walls of bladder, Body mass index The urinary bladder is distensible empty viscous with thick muscular walls organ in the pelvis. For normal urination the wall thickness of the bladder should be normal in the range. Objective: To determine urinary bladder wall thickness using ultrasound in normal adults. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted over 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022 in the private sector hospital in Gujranwala, Pakistan. A sample size of 60 was collected using the convenient sampling approach from taking mean of sample sizes of previous related study. Participants with no disease were included after informed consent. Data were analyzed and entered using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The mean age of participants was 33.41 ± 11.9, the mean weight was 75.51 ± 13.9 and height was 171.08 ± 12.5. The mean body mass index was 25.00 ± 3.9. The mean of anterior wall thickness was 2.85 ± 0.405 and posterior wall thickness was 2.86 ± 0.430.  Regarding lateral wall thickness, mean right lateral was 2.78 ± 0.464 and left lateral was 2.80 ± 0.430. The participants categorized into normal, overweight and obese showed very slight differences in the mean values of anterior, posterior and lateral wall thickness of bladder. Conclusion: In conclusion, ultrasound is the best modality for measuring the wall thickness of the urinary bladder in both males and females. The age and gender do not affect BWT. A small change is noted in thickness of anterior, posterior and lateral walls of urinary bladder. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/42 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.42 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 38-41 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/42/45 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.42.g45 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/43 2022-08-12T11:19:52Z pjhs:Edt driver

Hepatitis: Screening and Preventive Measures Naveed, Asif A significant public health issue around the world is viral hepatitis, which is brought on by infection with one of the hepatitis viruses. Reviewing the information that is currently available suggests that the South-East Asia Region has a high prevalence of infection with hepatitis viruses A–E. Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence rates are high among enterically transmitted viruses in the majority of the Region's countries, albeit they have recently decreased. Hepatitis A clinical cases, particularly severe forms of the disease, have increased as a result of the rise in the average age at first exposure. Hepatitis A vaccination is available, however it has not yet been used in the Region as a public health precaution. Hepatitis E virus infection is extremely prevalent in many nations, where it frequently leads to waterborne epidemics and accounts for about half of all cases of acute viral hepatitis. The risk of these illnesses increases with rapid urbanization's lack of access to clean, safe drinking water, nutritious food, and adequate sanitation. Hepatitis B infection rates among bloodborne hepatitis viruses range from low, intermediate, and high among different nations in the region. Either of these viruses can cause persistent infection. Although frequently asymptomatic, persistent infection with these viruses can cause the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer, which are major causes of death in the region. These infections are especially prevalent in some particular population groups, including as intravenous drug users, those who have received blood transfusions, and people who are immunosuppressed. Additionally, certain regions do not screen blood and blood products for substances that cause viral hepatitis. As a result, acute and chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis virus infection account for a large portion of the disease burden in the South-East Asia Region and cause over 500 000 fatalities there each year. We can lessen our risk of contracting hepatitis in a variety of ways, including by getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, using condoms during sexual contact, not sharing needles when using drugs, maintaining good personal hygiene by thoroughly washing our hands with soap and water, refraining from using infected people's personal items, and exercising caution when visiting places with poor sanitation. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/43 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.43 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 01-01 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/43/52 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.43.g52 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/44 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:O.A driver

Standard versus Tubeless Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Tertiary Care Centre: A Randomized Control Trial: Standard Versus Tubeless Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Khan, Ismail Shoaib, Mohammad Aftab Younus, Malik Haris, Muhammad Jehangir Khan, Muhammad Haris, Sobia Deeba, Farah Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, Nephrostomy tube, Complications Nephrolithiasis is a common health problem usually presenting as acute complication. Objective: This study was aimed to know the comparative outcomes of the standard tube PCNL and tubeless PCNL in our population. Methods: It was a prospective randomized controlled study conducted in Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar; Urology Department consisting of 100 patients randomly selected who underwent percutanatous nephrolithotomy dividing into two groups; group 1 underwent through standard PCNL and group 2 underwent through tubeless PCNL. All the data were analyzed through SPSS version 20. Means and standard deviations of the quantitative variables and frequencies and percentages of the qualitative variables were determined. Results: There was no significant difference in the demographics of both the groups. The mean operation time, hospital stay in group 1 (standard PCNL) were 86.06 ± 7.20 and 6.46 ± 0.97 respectively while the mean of operation time, hospital stay in group2 (tubeless PCNL) were 83.68 ± 3.81 and 3.42 ± 0.81, respectively. The mean of visual analogue scale scores for pain in group 1 and group 2 were 6.24 ± 0.71 and 3.70 ± 0.81, respectively. There as significant difference in the VAS score of both groups. Post operative complications were less seen in the tubeless PCNL. Conclusions: The tubeless PCNL is a safe technique having short operation time and statistically significant short hospital stay and low Visual Analogue Scale score for pain post operatively. Tubeless PCNL is associated with less post operative complications as compared to the standard PCNL. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/44 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.44 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 03-06 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/44/57 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.44.g57 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/45 2022-04-29T08:24:38Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Low to High Mileage Non-Occupational Car Drivers in City Faisalabad: Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Low to High Mileage Non-Occupational Car Drivers Ahmad, Jawad Khalid, Amna Aamir, Aatiqa Zia, Huma Younis, Khadija musculoskeletal problems, low back pain, car drivers, driving, non-occupational drivers Musculoskeletal discomfort has been reported among the non-occupational car drivers covering low to high mileage to reach their jobs or other destinations. Domestic driving, driving to reach the job, social driving, and driving for leisure activities is also found to cause discomfort among people. This can affect their daily life activities and socioeconomic status. Objective: The purpose for which this study was conducted was to find out the musculoskeletal problems that could possibly arise among the common population of car drivers and among them the problem with highest ratio, due to various contributing risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in city Faisalabad among non-occupational drivers in which 192 drivers including both males and females were enrolled with age limit from 18 to 60 years. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was used to evaluate the pain in various areas of body in non-occupational drivers. Results: The results showed that the highest affected area was backache. There was 41% small back pain in last twelve months and 38% in last seven days among non-occupational car drivers. Conclusion: Low back pain was highest to be discovered in the time period of last 12 months and also in the last week as compared to other areas of body. CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/45 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.45 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 48-53 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/45/50 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.45.g50 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/46 2022-08-12T11:19:52Z pjhs:O.A driver

Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Urolithiasis using Computed Tomography: Urinary Tract Urolithiasis using Computed Tomography Bano, Shehr John, Akash Ali, Abid Qaiser, Hateem Ashfaq, Nayyar Nephrolithiasis, Urinary tract stones, Calcium oxalate stones Renal stone disease is the most common urinary system disease, existing in third after urinary tract infection and prostate disease in urological departments and accounting for 10-15% of all cases. Objective: To evaluate urolithiasis on Computed Tomography (CT KUB). Methods: It is a cross sectional study carried out at the private Sector Hospital of Gujrat, Pakistan over 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022. A sample size of 50 patients was calculated via a convenient sampling approach using the mean from previous related studies. Patients with kidney stones diagnosed on CT KUB scan were included after informed consent. The data was analyzed and entered using SPSS version 21. Results: The result of this study revealed that people in their 51s and 60s are the most affected and that males are 56% more likely than females to have kidney stones. The right kidney is the most prevalent location for stones. The calcium oxalate kidney stone scale ranged from 1 to 50 mm in diameter. And the correlation between the location of kidney stone and size is 0.94 so there is a moderate correlation between stone size and location. Conclusion: In conclusion, the CT equipment is fully capable of detecting and measuring stones, as well as determining their type and major component CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/46 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.46 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 03-06 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/46/37 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.46.g37 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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A Study to Evaluate the Relationship of Estimated Fetal Weight and Actual Fetal Birth Weight Using Ultrasound: Estimated Fetal Weight and Actual Fetal Birth Weight Using Ultrasound Khalid, Pakeeza John, Akash Ali, Abid Khalid, Sundas Estimated fetus weight, Actual fetus weight, 3rd Trimester, Obstetrical ultrasound Estimated fetus weight is an essential measurement used to predict the fetal health during pregnancy as it has a close correlation with fetal mortality, Low fetal weight can lead to IUGR and high fetal weight can lead to fetal and maternal complications. Objective: To assess the changes among Estimated fetus weight and Actual fetus weight after birth. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the obstetric and gynecological sector of tertiary care setup in Gujrat, Pakistan. The data was collected for the duration of 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022. Data was collected using a convenient sampling technique. A sample size of 169 patients was calculated using the mean from previous related published studies. A Toshiba ultrasound machine was used with a 3.5 MHz convex probe was used. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Consent was taken from all the participating pregnant females. Results: In this study result mean of estimated fetal weight (g) in the 3rd trimester was 2690.72 ± 463.97g the average of actual weight (g) gained after delivery was 2701.04 ± 483.24g. The paired t-test shows no significant change in estimated fetus weight on ultrasound and actual fetus weight after birth. Conclusion: This study determined that estimated fetal weight can be measured using an advanced ultrasound machine which can be cost-effective. This study also concluded that the difference among estimated fetus weight and actual fetus weight after birth is not statistically significant. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/47 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.47 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 07-11 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/47/38 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.47.g38 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Disc Prolapses In The Spine on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Disc Prolapses in the Spine on MRI Tatheer Fatima, Syeda John, Akash Ali, Abid Bakhtawar, Khadija Aftab Ahmed, Aiman Disc prolapse, Spine, MRI, Herniation A disc herniation occurs when the nucleus, cartilage, or fragmented annular tissue are displaced outside the intervertebral disc area. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity for disc herniations, MRI is the method of choice for assessing disc morphology (both protrusions and extrusion).Objective: To use MRI to diagnose disc disorders, to create optimal MRI sequences for diagnosing spine pathologies, to detect which gender was affected, and to correlate the spinal disc with patient age.Methods:It was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in a DHQ Hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan and the sample size for this research was 71 calculated via a convenient sampling approach. The data were collected in four months from December 2021 to March 2022 after informed consent. Patients who presented to the MRI department for spinal disc prolapse were included in this study. Patients were to be registered with age, gender, type of examination, and protocol used. An MRI scanner was made by a Japanese manufacturer (Toshiba). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Disc prolapse is widespread in older patients, with an average age of 41-50 years. Males are more likely than females to have disc prolapses 45(63.4 %). In approximately 50(70.4%) of patients, the sagittal and axial technique is the best for confirming disc prolapse. Lower back discomfort is the most prevalent complaint among patients.Conclusion: Disc prolapse is widespread in older male individuals. The sagittal and axial technique is the best for confirming disc prolapse. Lower back discomfort is the most prevalent complaint among patients. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/48 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.48 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 12-15 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/48/40 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.48.g40 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Assessment of High-Risk Pregnancies using Biophysical Profile: Assessment of High-Risk Pregnancies using Biophysical Profile Dilnawaz, Niha John, Akash Ali, Abid Ahmed, Naweera Zafar, Aiman Biophysical profile (BPP), non-stress test (NST), intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). The purpose of the current study was to know the importance of using BPP for primary fetal surveillance in predicting fetal outcome. Methods: A total of 70 individuals with high risk pregnancies were included from 16-45 years examined through ultrasound and Doppler (Toshiba Xario 100 colour Doppler (C5-2 convex probe) having a real-time frequency range of 3.0 to 5.0 MHZ) at a private hospital in Gujranwala from October 2021 to March 2022. A Convenient sampling approach was used to collect data through informed consent forms. Data was collected using SPSS 21. Results: The current study included 70 patients who were examined using Doppler for fetal well-being. Study concluded to have correlation between age groups and development of fetal anomalies of age group 16-25years 44(62.9%), 26-35 years 21(30.0%), 36-45 years (7.1%). Most of the females in gestational weeks 34-37 weeks. Frequency of high-risk pregnancy most common is hypertension 25(35.7%) followed by other such as low fetal movement 10(14.3%), oligohydramnios 8(11.4%) and the least common is diabetes mellitus. Reactive 50(71.4%), and non-reactive 20(28.6%). Result shows the frequency of biophysical profile score in total number of patients included. Biophysical profile score 0-2 in 16(22.9%), 4-6 BPP score in 42(66%) and 8-10 BPP in 12(17.1%) patients. The frequency of IUGR in relation to biophysical profile score showing 18(72.0%), in 0-2 BPP score and 7(28%) in 4-6 BPP score. Conclusions: Normal BPP assures good fetal status and perinatal outcome. Abnormal BPP indicates that the fetus may be compromised. The study concluded that BPP has significant role in predicting fetal outcome. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/49 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.49 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 16-20 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/49/39 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.49.g39 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Evaluation Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT): A Cross Sectional Study: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using High Resolution Tasawar, Amina John, Akash Ali, Abid Bakhtawar, Khadija Noor , Mah HRCT, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Consolidations Mycobacterium is an airborne organism that spreads from person to person. Tuberculosis can affect any area of the body, although the lungs are the most commonly affected known as pulmonary tuberculosis. Objective: To evaluate pulmonary tuberculosis using High Resolution Computed Tomography. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the private sector hospital Gujrat, Pakistan. This study was conducted over 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022.  The sample size of 91 patients was calculated via a convenient sampling approach from previously published articles. Patients who were diagnosed with TB during CT scan investigation presented at the study area were included after informed consent. A specially crafted data collection sheet was developed to contain the patient demographic statics. Results: The upper age limit occurrence of 36(39.6%) was observed in people aged 21 to 30 years, and the lowest occurrence of 7(7.7%) was observed in those aged under 21 years. Males composed 53% of the population, while females constituted 38%. (41.8 percent). The highest proportion of cough was 43 (47.3 percent), and the lowest frequency of weight loss was 14 (15.4 percent). The nodule incidence is 30(33%) and the LAP incidence is 6 (6.6 percent). Conclusion: Pulmonary tuberculosis was more prevalent among younger male individuals. The primary characterization among pulmonary tuberculosis patients was nodules, cavity, consolidation, and tree in bud shown on HRCT. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/50 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.50 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 42-45 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/50/46 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.50.g46 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Grading Of Renal Parenchymal Disease Using Gray Scale Ultrasound: Grading Of Renal Parenchymal Disease Using Gray Scale Ultrasound Yousaf, Areeba Azam, Sadia Ali , Abid Afsar, Rehan Bakhtawar, Khadija Renal Parenchymal Disease, Ultrasound, CKD, Grading The shape of the normal adult kidney is like a bean, retroperitoneally present between twelve thoracic and third lumbar vertebra. Ultrasound can identify increased cortical echogenicity and reduced cortical parenchymal thickness, as well as reduced renal size in CKD. Objective: To diagnose renal parenchymal disease and its grading using gray scale sonography. Methods: It was cross-sectional research undertaken at Tertiary Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan radiology department. This research took place over five months, from January 2022 to May 2022. A convenient sampling approach using previously published articles was used to obtain a sample size of 78 patients. After informed consent, patients who were assessed for renal ultrasonography at the study region, during the study period, were included. Data was entered and analyzed on SPSS version 22.0. Results: The mean age was 46.47±12.0. The frequency for males was 47(60.3%), and for females was 31(39.7%). Blood urea (mg/dl) had a mean value of 92.16±46.88, and Serum creatinine (mg/dl) in male patients had a mean value of 6.86±6.18 while in female patients had 5.50±5.36. The blood urea nitrogen of patients had a mean value of 50.16±33.70 and a glomerular filtration rate with a mean value of 81.34±23.12. The frequencies of sonographic grading of renal cortical echogenicity show patients of Grade 1 had 32(41.0%), Grade 2 28(35.9%), Grade 3 12(15.4%), and Grade 4 6(7.7%). Conclusion: Renal parenchymal disease is the most prevalent disease in elder males. Grade 1 of renal parenchymal disease is most common in patients, followed by Grade 2, Grade 3, and Grade 4. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/51 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.51 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 46-50 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/51/48 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.51.g48 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Evaluation of Normal Spleen Volume using Ultrasonography: Evaluation of Normal Spleen Volume using Ultrasonography Doaa Zainab, Syeda John, Akash Ali, Abid Naqi Abbas, Syed Kiran, Warda Ultrasonography, Spleen, Volume, Doppler, Thickness The largest organ in the abdomen is the spleen, also called the lymphoid organ. Its major function is to purify the blood and provide immunity. Objective: To evaluate and measure normal splenic volume on ultrasound. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the radiology department of Gujranwala, Pakistan. A sample size of 150 participants was taken from previously published articles from January 2022 to March 2022. The sample size was taken with the inclusion of normal healthy adults and exclusion of splenomegaly after informed consent. TOSHIBA ultrasound equipment was used with a convex transducer having a frequency of 3.5MHz. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: The results show that most participants were between the age of 30 to 39years 55(36.7%). The female participants 94(62.7%) were more than the males 56(37.3%). The length, width, and thickness of the spleen are shown in the tables respectively. The splenic volume seems to be 174cm3 in most participants. Conclusion: Ultrasound is the most accurate, cheap, portable, and easily available modality for measuring spleen volume, which can be measured by using different approaches. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/52 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.52 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 21-24 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/52/41 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.52.g41 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Frequency Of Brain Atrophy Diagnosed on Computed Tomography: Frequency of Brain Atrophy Diagnosed on Computed Tomography Munir, Humayun Arshad, Nosheen Ali, Abid Jamil, Mariam John, Akash Brain Atrophy, Alzheimer disease, Age Related Atrophy, Trauma, Computed Tomography Brain atrophy is the loss of connections between neurons. It can be due to old age, trauma, ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, post infective and neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: To determine the frequency of brain atrophy on Computed Tomography. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in Medcare international hospital, Gujranwala and DHQ, Kasur. The data was collected using convenient sampling technique from February 2022 to May 2022 after written consent. A sample size of 60 was calculated using mean from previous published studies. The age considered was maximum of 100 and minimum of 20 years. The study included all the patients who had focal and generalized brain atrophy. The equipment used for the evaluation was Toshiba Aquilion 64 slices CT scanner. Results: The mean age of patients was 79.88 ± 9.22 having minimum age of 57y and maximum age of 91y. The male patients were more frequent as 34(56.7%) and females as 26(43.3%). The brain atrophy was categorized as focal 14(23.3%) and generalized atrophy 46(76.7%). The patients of brain atrophy had history of smoking 30(39%), alcohol use 13(16.9%) and diabetes mellitus 15(19.5%) and the common symptoms include memory problems 25(33.3%), poor judgment 13(17.3%) and loss of language 11(14.7%). The most common cause of brain atrophy evaluated was due to old age 42(70%) following post traumatic 9(15%) and Alzheimer 4(6. 7%). Conclusion: In conclusion, brain atrophy can be due to old age, trauma and Alzheimer disease. The common symptoms include memory problems and loss of language. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/53 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.53 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 25-29 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/53/42 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.53.g42 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Frequency Of Uterine Anomalies Associated with Persistent Miscarriages in Pregnancy on Ultrasound: Uterine Anomalies Associated with Persistent Miscarriages Pervaiz , Sahil Ahmad Naeem , Muhammad Ali , Abid John, Akash Batool , Narjis Miscarriages, Uterine fibroids, Cervical incompetence, Uterine adhesions, Mullerian duct anomalies Miscarriages is when an embryo/foetus expires before the tenth week of gestation. It occurs most commonly early during pregnancy. Women who had a miscarriage looked to be more likely to die before the age of 70 than those who had any other pregnancy outcomes. Objective: To determine the frequency of uterine abnormalities related with persistent miscarriages in pregnancy on ultrasound. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 4 months from February 2022 to May 2022. A sample size of 70 patients was collected using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected from Memorial Christian Hospital Sialkot. Patients with multiple miscarriages due to uterine abnormalities were included in the current study. Patients with less than two miscarriages, self-induced miscarriages and miscarriages due to foetal anomalies were excluded. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The study showed that the mean age of affected women experiencing miscarriage is 28.72. The highest rate of miscarriage was found in 38 (54.3%) of females and least in 4 (5.7%). The common cause of miscarriage was fibroids. Out of 70 females, 34 (48.6%) had fibroids, 14 (20%) had cervical incompetence, 9 (12.9%) had uterine adhesions, 6 (8.6%) had abnormal uterine size, 4 (5.7%) had uterine polyp and remaining 3 (4.3%) had congenital anomalies. Conclusion: The study concluded that miscarriages and uterine factors are closely linked. Uterine fibroids have shown the highest percentage of patients that had undergone miscarriage. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/54 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.54 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 55-58 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/54/51 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.54.g51 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Frequency of Uterine Leiomyomas in Multipara Women: Frequency of Uterine Leiomyomas in Multipara Women Latif, Fatima John, Akash Ali, Abid Afsar, Rehan Ashfaq, Iqra Uterine Fibroids, Leiomyomas, Frequency, Sonography, Multipara Fibroids are typically well-defined solid masses that have a convoluted appearance. These are generally echogenic like the myometrium, though sometimes they can indeed be hypoechoic. Objective: To determine the incidence of uterine leiomyomas in multipara women in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the diagnostic department of radiology (DHQ/Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala). The study lasted for three months, from February 24, 2022, to May 24, 2022. A total of 140 people participated in the research after written informed consent. 140 multiparous women with uterine fibroids were included between the mentioned dates. The examination of the patients included pelvic ultrasonography with a full bladder. Results: This survey consisted of 140 multiparous women. 100 (64.1%) of 140 females having fibroid uterus who reported to the gynaecology department exhibited submucosal fibroids, 33 (21.2%) contained intramural fibroids, and 23 (14.7%) of them had subserosal fibroids. Fibroids with 127 (81.4%) in the anterior and 29 (18.6%) in the posterior were observed. Menstrual inconsistency was the most prevalent clinical presentation of reported cases, featuring menorrhagia in 105 (75%) patients, polymenorrhagia in 24 (17.1%) patients, and abdominal discomfort in 44 (31.4%) patients, and urinary frequency in 29 (27.9%) women. A total of 47 (33.6%) of the females had a family background of uterine fibroids. Conclusion: Submucosal fibroids are the most abundant, followed by intramural and subserosal fibroids, with pedunculated fibroids being the least frequent. The anterior part of the uterus is the most probable site of fibroid emergence. Menorrhagia was the most prevalent symptom. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/55 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.55 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 51-54 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/55/49 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.55.g49 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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X-ray Radiography of Bone Fractures Associated With Road Traffic Accidents RTA: Bone Fractures Associated With Road Traffic Accidents Ghuman, Samama John, Akash Ali, Abid Ahmad Naeem, Muhammad Riaz, Maryam X-ray, Bone fractures, Road Traffic Accidents, Incidence One of the leading causes of bone fractures are Road Traffice Accidents (RTAs), they are perhaps the most prevalent causes of mortality in individuals. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and types of bone fractures in patients who have been involved in a road traffic collisions in the city of Gujranwala, Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional analysis at the orthopedic department of the DHQ/Teaching Hospital in Gujranwala, all patients with RTA-related fractures who underwent x-rays were included after written informed consent. The study included a total of 100 patients, all of which had suffered fractures as a result of traffic incidents from January 13th, 2022 to April 13th, 2022, the research was completed in three months. The obtained data were entered and analyzed by utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. Results: There were 35 females and 65 males in the study, and according to the age distribution, 34% of those aged 26 to 35 years had a higher risk of fracture. Femur 37.7%, tibia 21.3%, fibula 16.4%, radius 2.5%, ankle joint 1.6%, humerus 6.6%, knee joint 2.5%, elbow joint 4.9%, and thumb and spine 0.8% are among the bones that have been fractured. Moreover, no incidents of skull fractures were recorded. Conclusion: Bone fractures are much more common in men than in women. In road traffic accidents, the most common bone fracture is the femur, which occurs most frequently in people who ride motorbikes or cycles, whereas, the transverse bone fracture is the most prevalent type of bone fracture. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/56 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.56 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 30-33 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/56/43 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.56.g43 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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Celiac Disease: An Autoimmune Disorder: Celiac Disease: An Autoimmune Disorder Madiha Jaffar, Hafiza Ahsan, Wardah Nazia Koser, Hafiza Celiac disease, gluten, genetic disorder, autoimmune disease Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that is triggered due to the ingestion of a protein called gluten that is naturally present in many cereal grains. Inadequate response of both the adaptive as well as the innate immunity to gluten in genetically susceptible people is involved that leads to the enteropathy of the intestine, thus damaging the intestinal mucosa that leads to malabsorption of different nutrients. It is one of the most common disorders, however many cases are not identified and are left untreated. The occurrence of Celiac disease involves a triad of genes, exposure to gluten and other environmental factors such as gastrointestinal tract infection during infancy or any other early life factor that influences the intestine. Wide range of symptoms are reported in patients that are classified as gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms ranging from abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, anemia to complications such as osteoporosis, neurological abnormalities and hepatitis. There are different tests that can be used for the diagnosis of celiac disease, these are known as serological tests that include Antigliadin antibodies, Antiendomysial antibodies, Anti tissue transglutaminase antibodies and HLA typing. The most important aspect of this disease is its proper management through diet and counselling of the patient as it’s a lifelong diet. Gluten free diet should be recommended to patients in which they are supposed to avoid any product containing gluten such as wheat, rye, barley, instead alternatives such as corn, flax and quinoa should be used to made different products. The amount of processed and packaged foods also needs to minimized, lactose containing products such as milk and other dairy products need to be avoided as a celiac disease patient becomes lactose intolerant during the initial stages of diagnosis. Due to malabsorption of nutrients, a diet rich fat soluble vitamins and folic acid should be consumed as these micronutrients are the most effected and not absorbed. Moreover, foods that are a rich source of high bioavailable iron such as meat, poultry and fish should be consumed to prevent anemia. For the better implementation of this diet and lifestyle, proper nutrition education should be provided to the patient and his family regarding the disease, its causes, complications and proper management CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/57 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.57 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 01; 02-02 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/57/36 10.54393/pjhs.v3i01.57.g36 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/58 2022-07-19T12:27:50Z pjhs:O.A driver

Effect Of Physical Activity on Quality of Life in Older Adults of Faisalabad : Effect of Physical Activity on Quality of Life Khalid, Amna Umar, Muhammad Mushtaq, Hamid Altaf, Saba Ahmad, Jawad A rapid increase in the population of older adults has been seen in recent years. With an increasing population of older adults, their health care facilities must be monitored to meet the demand. But unfortunately, poor quality and lack of health care services are increasing the burden of non-communicable diseases. These disorders are directly or indirectly related to lifestyle and quality of life in the geriatric population. Other problems that elder people face in Pakistan include economic problems, financial issues, lack of health insurance, and low pensions, among others. All of these complications along with lack of health services contribute to poor quality of life in older adults. Objective: The main purpose of our study was to determine if mild to moderate physical activity has any effect on different variables of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL). Methods: It was a cross-sectional study carried out in the city of Faisalabad among older adults aged above 60 years. 173 older adults, including 119 males and 54 females, participated in the study. Short Form-36 questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: The results showed that older adults that participated in 15-25 min of physical activity daily, enjoyed a better quality of life as compared to ones that do not exercise. Conclusion: Older adults who participated in 15-25 min of daily physical activity had suffered less pain and sickness as compared to physically inactive older adults. Therefore, including over a moderate-intensity exercise in the daily lifestyle of an older adult can improve many aspects of HRQL.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2020-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/58 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.58 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 01 Issue 02; 42-47 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/58/47 10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.58.g47 Copyright (c) 2020 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/59 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:Edt driver

Diabetes Mellitus: A Metabolic Disorder and its Screening Approaches Naveed, Asif A series of metabolic illnesses known as diabetes mellitus is characterised by chronic hyperglycemia brought on by deficiencies in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The significance of insulin as an anabolic hormone leads to metabolic irregularities in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These metabolic abnormalities are brought on by insufficient insulin levels to produce an adequate response and/or insulin resistance of target tissues, primarily skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and to a lesser extent, liver, at the level of insulin receptors, signal transduction system, and/or effector enzymes or genes. Patients marked hyperglycemia and especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency may experience polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Type 2 diabetes patients are more likely to be asymptomatic in the early stages of the disease than other types of diabetes patients. Uncontrolled diabetes can cause ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome, which can result in stupor, coma, and, if untreated, death. Although categorization of diabetes is crucial and affects treatment approaches, it is a difficult undertaking because many individuals, particularly younger adults, do not simply fit into one class. The most widely used categorization of diabetes is still the one proposed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 1997, which includes type 1, type 2, other kinds, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The difference between the two types depends on the pace, with the quicker tempo indicating a genotype that is more vulnerable and an earlier presentation in which obesity and, as a result, insulin resistance, are at the core of the theory. Increased height growth rate and decreased cell glucose sensitivity are further indicators of type 1 diabetes. Despite the inconsistent results of clinical trials using antioxidants in diabetes treatment regimens, the implications of elevated free radicals, oxidative stress, and many metabolic stressors in the development, pathogenesis, and complications of diabetes mellitus are very strong and well documented. Diabetes screening is crucial to preventing delayed diagnosis, especially in developing nations. The interplay of genetic and environmental factors plays a role in the development of diabetes. We are still learning new things about the mechanism of diabetes development from biomedical research. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/59 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.59 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 01-01 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/59/53 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.59.g53 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/61 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Pregnant Women: A Cross Sectional Survey Study: Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Pregnant Women Razzaq, Rabia Muhammad, Atta Shabbir, Sidrah Naeem Malhi, Maria Fatima, Noor Kiran, Warda Incontinence, Pregnancy, Survey, Uterus, Urine Although urinary incontinence is not life threatening, it is burdensome physically, mentally, emotionally and economically. During pregnancy many factors like emotional changes mechanical, hormonal and circulatory changes, musculoskeletal changes are occurring in the pregnant women and causing pelvic pain and urinary incontinence. Objective: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence among pregnant women. Methods: A cross sectional survey study was conducted in Jinnah Hospital and Services Hospital Lahore. All those females who were in healthy pregnancy condition were included in this study. This convenient sampling was conducted in which sample of 323 were included with estimated population of 2000 women with 95% of confidence interval and 5% margin of error. In this study statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 16. Results: Majority of females having age groups of 20 to 24 years and 25 to 29 years had mild problems of urinary incontinence. There were 14 subjects of age group 25 to 29 years that had moderate problem of urinary incontinence. There were 3 subjects of age group 25 to 29 years that had severe problem of urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence was common in females having 2 or 3 previous pregnancies or multiparous females. Conclusions: Hence, it is concluded that urinary incontinence is very common in pregnant females. Majority of females from age group 20 to 29 years had mild problem of urinary incontinence. Its incidence was greater in those females having 2 or 3 previous pregnancies or multiparous females CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/61 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.61 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 145-148 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/61/102 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.61.g102 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/62 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Association Of Obese and Morbidly Obese Status with Hypoalbuminemia in Adults Without Liver and Kidney Disease: Obese and Morbidly Obese Status with Hypoalbuminemia in Adults Maqsood, Muhammad Iram, Husna Mariyam Haroon, Sundus Salman, Sadia Bhalli, Amanullah Iqbal, Sadaf Obesity, liver, Kidney Disease, Body, body mass index, global epidemic Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat in the body and is measured in terms of increased body mass index. Its prevalence is increasing in all age groups and is now considered to be a global epidemic. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein synthesized in the liver and is customarily utilised to detect malnourishment and severe starvation. It is one of the poor prognostic factors in medical, surgical, and critically ill patients. Objective: To identify the relationship between obesity and morbid obesity and hypoalbuminemia in adults in Pakistan with no signs of liver or kidney disease. Methods: Jinnah Allama Iqbal Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology (JAIDE), Jinnah Hospital Lahore Pakistan, was chosen for the completion of this cross-sectional study with a time frame of October 2019 to April 2020. 90 patients, ranging between ages of 18 and 70 years, without liver and kidney diseases, were recruited and were divided into three categories, healthy control, obese, and morbidly obese on the basis of BMI. Venous blood samples for albumin were taken. Results: The percentage of hypoalbuminemia was 10.0% in healthy controls, 40.0% in the obese group, and 46.7% in morbidly obese. Hypoalbuminemia rate was significantly higher in obese and morbidly obese groups (p-value 0.005) as compared to healthy controls, independent of age, sex, and diabetes. Conclusions: Upon completion of this study, it was concluded that the morbid obesity and obesity are the independent forecasters of hypoalbuminemia. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/62 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.62 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 09-12 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/62/60 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.62.g60 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/63 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Impact of COVID-19 on Employment in Tertiary Care Hospital of Karachi: Impact of COVID-19 on Employment Rida Baqir, Syeda Ilyas, Yumna Jamil, Komal Aslam, Shafaq Khan, Bismah SARS CoV-2, healthcare workers, GDP, tertiary care hospitals, employment rate, WHO, coronavirus A public health dispute regarding the pandemic disease COVID-19 has wrapped up the entire world. Based on statistics Pakistan lies as a low and middle-income country throughout the world and out of 189 countries it lies in the 152nd rank with an index value of 0.560 on the Health development scale. Objective: To evaluate the unemployment among health care workers working in rehabilitation departments in tertiary care hospitals. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of sample size 212 conducted on healthcare workers working in Ziauddin hospital department of rehabilitation sciences, Karachi, the research study is explanatory, whereas the method is quantitative. The initial research was done by gathering the literature linked to healthcare workers and being examined via validated questionnaires through emails and various statistical tools used to analyze the complete data. Results: The results showed that the mean age was found to be 28.75 ± 5.8. Male participants were found to be 20(9.4%) and females were 192(90.6%). Most of the participants were graduates 128(60.4%) followed by post-graduate 76(35.8%). There were 128(60.4%) participants who were single. Employment status was asked most of the respondents found out of work and looking for work there were 16 respondents in Taking care of the home and family and 80 unemployed and seeking a job with a significant P-value of <0.001. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study showed there is a significant effect of the COVID-19 pandemic disease on the employment status of workers of healthcare in tertiary care hospitals in Karachi CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/63 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.63 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 03-08 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/63/61 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.63.g61 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/64 2023-01-31T13:33:07Z pjhs:O.A driver

Frequency Of Anxiety and Depression Among Medical Imaging Technologists in Public Hospitals of Lahore: Anxiety and Depression among Medical Imaging Technologists Kusar , Samina Ayub , Tayyaba Anwar Faridi , Tallat Umer saeed , Syed Fatima , Wajiha Ishfaq , Ahmed Kiran, Aafia Amir Gilani , Syed Medical Imaging Technologists, Depression, Anxiety, HADS A good psychological health is the base of wellness. Various factors have been identified that can predispose the medical students, nurses, physicians, radiographers, and other health care professionals to depression and anxiety. Objectives: To assess the frequency of anxiety and depression in Medical Imaging Technologists working in public hospitals of Lahore. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 150 Medical Imaging Technologists. The sample size was collected by formula and simple random sampling technique was used. Collection of data was done by; a self-administered questionnaire to get demographic data and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS) to assess depression and anxiety in Medical Imaging Technologists. Data analysis was done by using average, standard deviation, percentage, and Chi-square. Results: The average age of Medical Imaging Technologists was 30.49 ± 5.314 years. Among 150 participants, 95 (63.3%) were female and 55 (36.7%) were male. 54 (36%) were normal, 43 (28.7%) were borderline abnormal and 53 (35.3%) were abnormally depressed on HADS, and 97 (64.7%) were normal, 37 (24.7%) were borderline abnormal, and 16 (10.7%) were abnormally anxious on HADS. Gender, age, and marital-status were not found to be associated with depression and anxiety. Job-satisfaction, education, modalities, and physical exercise were found to be associated with depression and education and sleeping hours were found to be associated with anxiety. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression were common to find in the medical imaging technologists. Job-satisfaction, education, modalities, and physical exercise were associated with depression whereas education and sleeping hours were found to be associated with anxiety. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-01-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/64 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01.64 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January Issue); 66-72 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/64/309 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01.64.g309 Copyright (c) 2023 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/65 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Frequency Of Endometriosis in Females with Infertility Undergoing Diagnostic Laparoscopy : Endometriosis in Females with Infertility Tabbsum, Tahira Nafees, Sehrish Hayes, Trevor Mehmood ul Hassan, Syed Sattar, Abdul Infertility, Endometriosis, Laparoscopy Endometriosis is the most common, chronic condition. Although some females are asymptomatic, the majority of women come with infertility, adnexal mass, or pelvic pain. Endometriosis treatment in the context of infertility poses a variety of challenging clinical issues. Objective: The objective of current study is to identify frequency of endometriosis on laparoscopy in females with infertility. Methods: This retrospective study was done at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Luke's General Hospital, Kilkenny, Ireland. Medical records of 215 females meeting the inclusion criteria underwent diagnostic laparoscopy were included. Basic demographical details and clinical examination was evaluated and presented through descriptive statistics. On diagnostic laparoscopy, representative sample was taken and sent to hospital histopathology for evaluation of endometriosis. Chi square test was applied to identify the influence of variables on endometriosis. Results: Mean age of females was 28.67 ± 6.35 years. Mean duration of marriage was 6.63 ± 5.26 years. There were 80 (37.21%) women in which endometriosis was diagnosed. No significant statistical association was seen for endometriosis with age, infertility type and duration of infertility. Conclusions: The findings of this study show an increasing trend in endometriosis identification or occurrence in women with infertility. Endometriosis with infertility is not an uncommon disease in women. Though laparoscopy is intrusive method, but with the right training the issues and complications that come with it can be reduced, which benefits the patients and offers us a clear picture or pathology of the disease CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/65 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.65 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 13-16 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/65/63 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.65.g63 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/66 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Hypogonadism in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: A Cross Sectional Study: Hypogonadism in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Khan, Ismail Aftab Younus, Malik Shoaib, Mohammad Haris, Muhammad Ullah Wazir, Noman Jehangir Khan, Muhammad Haris, Sobia Deeba, Farah Hypogonadism, Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common health problem affecting men older than 50 years. It is estimated that 30 million men have benign prostatic hyperplasia related clinical features Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the relationship between hypogonadism in patients presenting with benign prostate hyperplasia at tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Urology Department Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar for a period of one year from June 2019 to May 2020. A total of 361 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia were studied. The sampling technique was consecutive non probability sampling and WHO sample size calculator was used for sample size determination. Serum testosterone level was done all patients as per inclusion criteria. All the data was analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Results: The mean age, height weight, BMI and testosterone level of qualitative variables were 56.42±10.05, 167.54±9.97, 64.96±12.92, 23.07±4.96 and 15.36±6.36 respectively. The testosterone level decreased with ageing in different age groups. 29.6% patients of our study were 50-59 years old. The hypertensive and diabetic patients with BPH were 31.3% and 22.4% respectively. Out of 361 patients 67 were hypo gonadal men making 18.6%. The hypogonadism had statistically significant mean values of serum testosterone level (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study concluded on the analytical findings that hypogonadism is significantly associated with benign prostate hyperplasia. The testosterone levels decrease with the increase of age and thus patients with low testosterones are more prone to develop benign prostate hyperplasia. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/66 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.66 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 43-47 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/66/72 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.66.g72 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/67 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Incidence And Their Associated Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases Among Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Population: Incidence and associated factors of non-communicable diseases Sabiha, Zia ul Ain Hashmi, Arshad Hussain Irfan, Arooj Ullah, Irfan Rasool, Rehana Rasool, Ghazala Zia, Tayyaba Abbas Bangash, Sudhair Ullah, Irfan Non-communicable disease, Risk factors, Cholesterol level, Pakistan World Health Organization proposes implementing the WHO STEP smart strategy for tracking, to continuously monitoring noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors (STEPS). Objective: To analyze the prevalence and contributing factors of NCD risk factors in Pakistan, a country with a low income where NCDs are responsible for 66 percent (or two-thirds) of fatalities annually. Methods: Total 675 eligible participants, ages 15 to 60, were selected by a multistage sampling approach from February 2020 and May 2021 for STEPS survey (version of instrument 3.2). Assessment of behavioral and physiological risk variables was part of the data collection process. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: Intake of lesser than five portions of vegetables and fruits every day may be the greatest common risk factor. Of all participants, 341 (50.51%) were smoking currently, 513 (76%) were not physically active. A total of 251 (37.18%) individuals have elevated blood pressure whilst 245 (36.29%) individuals are affected by sugar. The cholesterol level is high in 215 (31.85%) participants out of 675. Each individual had an average of two risk factors for NCDs (2.04, 95percent [Confidence interval]: 2.02-2.08). Conclusions: Numerous risk factors for NCDs are present in a significant section of the Pakistani community. With the help of a multi-sectoral national coordination system, this observed data must be employed to promote and track specific NCD management and prevention programs for cities across Pakistan. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/67 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.67 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 17-22 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/67/67 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.67.g67 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/68 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:O.A driver

Emotional Intelligence and Burn out among nurses working in tertiary hospitals of KPK: Emotional Intelligence and Burn out Ullah , Shakir Rafique , Safia Sultan, Amir Ahmed , Fayaz Rehman , Aziz-ur- Khan, Atif Emotions, Nurses, burnout, Psychology, Emotional intelligence Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the capability of people to recognize the emotions of themselves and others; it consists of self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. Healthcare professionals with exceptional emotional intelligence are able to identify emotions in others and modify their own emotions to fit the situation. Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the EI and burnout among nurses employed in tertiary care hospitals in KPK. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional descriptive, conducted in 2 tertiary care hospitals from March 2022 to July 2022, with a sample size of 104. Data were collected through 2 valid and reliable questionnaires; the Schutte Self-report EI Test and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: The male participants of the study were 51.9% and the females were 48.1%, the large numbers of staff response were positive towards emotional intelligence 78% and the negative emotional intelligence was 22%. The mean and standard deviation scores of (MOTE 29.09 ± 9.01, MOE 33.19 ± 9.78, POE 31.94 ± 9.61, and UOE 22.9 ± 5.99) were more than the cut-off values. The high burnout was 36%, the low burnout was 33%, and the average burnout was 31%.  Conclusions: Nurses working in tertiary care hospitals have positive emotional intelligence, but burnout in the majority of participants was high due to a shortage of staff and an increasing number of patients. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/68 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.68 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 11-16 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/68/59 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.68.g59 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/69 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence of severity and type of hearing loss in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients: Hearing loss in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Jabbar, Muzamal Badar, Asfara Mehboob, Maria Shanawar, Minahil Tahir, Fatima Azzam Khan, Muhammad Anwar Faridi, Tallat Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hearing Loss, Pure tone audiometry Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by painful joint inflammation which may cause destructive bone erosions. It also affects the auditory system and cause hearing loss. Objective: To find out the prevalence of Severity and type of Hearing Loss in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted to find the prevalence of Severity and type of Hearing Loss in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. The study was performed at DHQ Hospital Bhimber, Mayo Hospital Lahore. The duration of data collection was 6 months (April 2022 to September 2022). Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used for data collection. Patients of both gender with ages 30 to 50 years were included. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis with other co-morbid factors were excluded. Results: Out of 117 patients, there were 33 (28.2%) male patients and 84 (71.8%) female patients. Most patients were in age group 41-45 years 38 (32.5 %). There were 19 (16.2%) lower class patients, 93 (79.5%) middle class patients and 5 (4.3%) upper class patients. The prevalence of Hearing Loss in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients was high 70 (59.5%). Sensorineural hearing loss 66 (56.4) was most prevalent. Majority of them had mild to moderate degree hearing loss 50 (42.7%). Conclusion: The study showed the prevalence of Hearing Impairment in Rheumatoid Arthritis was high. The result of this study also concluded that majority of the patients had mild to moderate degree sensorineural hearing loss.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/69 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.69 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 07-10 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/69/58 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.69.g58 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/71 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:G.Edt driver

Implications of Nanotechnology in Ameliorating Cancer Anjum, Sumaira Despite medical advances, cancer is still one of the most dreaded disorders. Surgery, chemotherapies and radiotherapies have typically been the preferred form of treatment. However, their limited solubility and unstable nature hinder their widespread application. Drug resistance, hair loss, and the destruction of healthy cells are all frequent side effects. Nanotechnology provides new cancer treatment options in this regard and have emerged as an efficient platform in targeting chemotherapies to malignant cells and neoplasms particularly. It has also been known to improve the therapeutic efficacy of radiation based and other modern treatment modalities. All these factors tend to lower the risk of a patient suffering from cancer, thereby increasing its survival. Research on cancer therapy using nanotechnology extends beyond the development of existing drugs to create new ones that are only made possible by the special properties of nanomaterials. Despite being much smaller than cells, nanoparticles are large enough to hold a variety of microscopic substances. Additionally, ligands like small molecules, DNA or RNA strands, peptides, aptamers, or antibodies can be employed to functionalize the relatively large surface area of nanoparticles. These characteristics allow the targeted delivery of many drugs with theranostic action. Their physical characteristics such as energy absorption and re-radiation can also be employed to destroy malignant cells. By enabling therapeutic substances to be enclosed in nanoparticulate materials and delivered specifically to tumours via passive permeation and active internalisation mechanisms, nanomedicine technologies have paved the way for revolutionary targeted cancer therapies. One of the biggest barriers to traditional therapy, resistance, has been discovered to be reduced by employing nanotechnology for therapeutic purposes. Many cancer treatments using nanomedicines are already available on the market, and many more are in advanced stages of development and clinical testing. These treatments use a variety of nanosystems, including metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, polymeric micelles, and nanospheres. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/71 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.71 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 02-02 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/71/54 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.71.g54 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/73 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence of Non-Carious Tooth Wear in Patients: Non-Carious Tooth Wear in Patients Ali Akhtar, Saad Batool, Itrat Javed, Maryam Jawed, Ammad Abbas Zaidi, Syed Akbar Cervical lesions, non-carious, tooth wear Non-carious lesions caused by tooth wear include hypersensitivity, bad oral cleanness (plaque formation), cosmetic complications and tooth fractures. It is associated with a number of dental problems if present. Objective: To determine the frequency of non-carious lesions in tooth wear among patients attending the dental OPD. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study which was carried out in the Dental department of Army Medical and Dental College Rawalpindi for one-year duration from January 2021 to December 2021. After formal approval by the Ethics Review Committee; regardless of the gender, 180 subjects of age 20-60 years were studied by means of the Tooth Wear Index of Knight and Smith. Five surfaces of each tooth were examined in the maxillary and mandibular arches: buccal (B), cervical (C), lingual (L) and occlusal /incisal (O and I). Results: It was instituted that non-carious tooth wear prevalence was probable in premolars trailed by molars and less pronounced in incisors. The surfaces of O&I were most susceptible to injury, trailed by the surfaces of cervical. The carious tooth wear was less likely in lingual surfaces. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to obtain results on the incidence of non-carious tooth wear by giving the median, standard deviation and mean. Conclusions: Premolars and molars are the teeth mostly affected by non-carious tooth wear, and the incisors are the minimum teeth which are affected. The surfaces most affected were O&I, trailed by the cervical surface with a lower incidence of lingual surface lesions. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/73 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.73 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 26-30 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/73/65 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.73.g65 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/74 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:O.A driver

The Insight into The Sex Differences in The Patients Diagnosed with Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Sex Differences in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes Nazim, Muhammad Maqbool, Abubakar Umair Younas, Muhammad Sohaib Ejaz Khan, Muhammad Yasir M, Alard Sex Differences in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes The limited knowledge is present about the outcomes associated with the patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The insufficient data about the sex difference in the post-interventions outcomes and disparities in management is available. Objectives: To determine the sex-related differences in the patient diagnosed with ACS. This study also aimed to determine how these differences have perished in a time span of one year. Methods: It was a retrospective study with the statistical approaches. The data of the 1000 patients visited the cardiology department of our institute was collected from the Wazirabad Institute of Cardiology, Wazirabad. The patients diagnosed with the non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were selected. The ethical and review board committee of the hospital approved the study. The patients were further grouped to ACS I and ACS II. Results: The study indicated that the older women had the higher cases with reported history of heart failure and hypertension. The association between coronary angiography in-hospital use and female gender was very weak. It suggests that physicians underestimate the risk associated with the patients that leads to less use of invasive strategies for treatment. Conclusions: The poor in-hospital outcomes are associated with the female gender. Women are less likely to undergo coronary artery angioplasty and other cardiac procedures as compared to the male patients CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/74 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.74 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 17-21 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/74/64 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.74.g64 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/75 2022-09-30T17:52:56Z pjhs:C.S driver

Contrast Bath Treatment in Post Stroke CRPS: Contrast Bath Treatment for Post Stroke CRPS Raza, Ali Afzal , Binash Hanif , Muhammad Complex regional pain syndrome, contrast bath, hypoxia, noradrenergic sympathetic fibers Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a painful and incapacitating disorder that typically develops as a result of injury or surgery and is linked to severe discomfort and disability. It is one of the common complications in stroke patients. A therapeutic technique known as a contrast bath includes alternate bathing in both warm and cold water. This method might aid in enhancing blood flow within your body. Case Summary: We present a case of complicated regional pain syndrome, a stroke-related complication in a 55-year-old businessman treated with a contrast bath. Conclusion: Contrast bath treatment improves pain in patient’s right arm, ranges of upper extremities and this technique also improves blood circulation. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/75 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.75 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July Issue); 31-33 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/75/62 10.54393/pjhs.v3i02.75.g62 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/76 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:Edt driver

Infection and Immunity Jawad Ahmad, Fridoon Understanding the interactions between hosts and pathogens requires in-depth knowledge of extremely complex biological systems. Pathogen flags (PAMPs) or virulence factors interact with or stimulate the host receivers, which include numerous pattern recognition receptors, in a simplified pathway. In an environment with hundreds of spatiotemporal and epidemiological variables, these interactions either occur or do not. Additionally, the interactions become part of a more dynamic and complex system due to the coevolution of the host and pathogen. Based on our understanding of the conflict or coexistence between the host and pathogens, health or disease status could be changed in a systematic manner. However, it depends on whether we want to alter our focus on deterring infections or favour a homeostatic equilibrium in response to stimuli. What we can learn from the immune organ system is that balance is the secret to life. The sense of interaction could be changed from "fighting" to "fitting" based on the novel insight. Despite the conventional wisdom that infections should be treated with drugs or vaccines, coexistence with less harm or energy use would be ideal and cost-effective. Based on the traits that affect our fitness, natural selection drives the evolution of our pattern of survival and reproduction. Additionally, pathogens do not always evolve to improve or worsen virulence beyond the specifics of the molecular or cellular basis. The coevolution of the host and pathogen generates a unique "trade of" and/or "balance" with a notable decrease in pathogenicity and host immune responses, each in their own way. It is possible to control the spread of disease or change the environment to a norm, standard, or desired status quo in a number of ways, including management and rearing practices, immunisation, and choice of enhanced disease resistance. While experiments and field trials can involve costly and immoral processes, perfect decision-making requires intuition. Simulations and mathematical modelling have evolved into crucial experimental and computational tools for dynamic and complex frameworks. It is interesting to note that the immune system offers invaluable models for these kinds of strategies because of the disciplines and principles guiding its behaviours and responses. Researchers will be able to the transmission and management of newly or reemerging infectious diseases with the use of mathematical modelling, which also provided us with profound insight into infection and immunity. In veterinary science, mathematical models made notions like "herd immunity" clear for vaccination plans. However, picking a model for host-pathogen interactions is difficult and requires some thought. The goodness of fit measures how well the host immunity "fits" with the pathogens in its environment and serves as a parameter for model selection. In this situation, population genetics-related dissipation or "fitness flux" affects mathematical models. In light of this, the model should include variables related to immunogenetics and pathogenic coevolution. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/76 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.76 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 01-01 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/76/55 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.76.g55 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/77 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:G.Edt driver

Membranes and Transport Mechanisms Mumtaz, Tamseela Cellular life depends on the movement of membrane ions. For cells to continue functioning as they go through their life cycle, there must be a tremendous amount of exchange. Cell membranes are active structures rather than merely passive barriers separating cells from their surroundings. Cell membranes are known to be selectively permeable, allowing some chemicals to pass through while preventing others from doing so. Therefore, all cellular exchange activities can have active participation from cell membranes. Through the membrane interface, elements needed for cellular existence, communication among cells, and interaction between cells and their environment are taken in. Additionally, cells have the ability to direct and influence input and export processes, as well as moderate the subsequent signal response. Effective drug transportation across cellular membranes is essential for all treatment procedures. The majority of medications used in cancer therapy require carrier proteins for their transmembrane transport, even though hydrophobic small molecules can enter the cell membrane through straightforward diffusion. As a result, many scientists concentrate on creating novel strategies to improve drug delivery and uptake into desired cells. A live cell's plasma membrane serves as its outer wall. Although it acts as a barrier, it also permits transport between the cell and its surroundings. While the hydrophilic head groups are in contact with the surrounding water, the bilayer's hydrophobic interior, which is made up of fatty acid chains, renders the membrane impermeable to water-soluble compounds. To reduce the accessibility of hydrophobic fatty acid chains, phospholipids can spontaneously form stable bilayers in an aqueous environment due to their amphipathic nature. As lipids and proteins positioned in the plasma membrane can rotate or diffuse laterally and are distributed asymmetrically in the two leaflets, membranes are extremely dynamic structures. In addition to glycolipids, the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane mostly consists of the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol are the three main substances that make up the inner leaflet. Additionally, both leaflets contain cholesterol, which affects the fluidity of the membrane. Lipid rafts are particular domains abundant in sphingolipids and cholesterol. The plasma membrane's basic role as a selectively permeable wall dividing the inside from the outside of the cell is determined by the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. Membrane proteins are essential for guaranteeing the selective translocation of molecules across the membrane as well as the regulation of cellular connections. They can function as energy converters, ion channels, pumps, receptors, or enzymes. The maintenance of the osmotic pressure and cellular pH, as well as the regulation of drug uptake mechanisms, account for the regulation of fundamental cellular activities. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/77 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.77 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 02-02 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/77/56 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.77.g56 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/78 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Effect of Specific Stabilization Exercise Along with Muscle Relaxation Technique to Treat Lumbopelvic Pain During Pregnancy: Muscle Relaxation Technique to Treat Lumbopelvic Pain During Pregnancy Shafiq, Bushra Javaid, Hina Mehmood, Sajid Mahmood, Anam Pervez, Maira Specific Stabilization Exercises, Muscle Relaxation Exercises, Lumbopelvic Pain Pain in lower back area amid pregnancy is a typical gripe among women frequently viewed as an inescapable disadvantage of an ordinary Pregnancy. Spinal Specific Stabilizing Exercises and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques are popular form of physiotherapy management in preventing lumbopelvic pain that limits the activities of daily living in patients during and after gestation period. These Specific Stabilization Exercises strengthen Abdominal and Para spinal muscles, which control Lumbopelvic stability Objective: To compare the effects of Specific Stabilizing Exercises and Specific Stabilizing Exercises along with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique in prevention and management of Lumbopelvic Pain during pregnancy. Methods: 30 women were randomized to six-week workout plan comprising both Particular workout for stabilization and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques in experimental group and 30 were randomized as control group including only the Specific Stabilizing Exercises. Lumbopelvic torment was evaluated on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of torment force. Results:  The control and the experimental group were comparable at baseline. The experimental group receiving both exercises showed significant improvement in intensity of perceived pain (p = 0.002) at the termination of 6 weeks’ treatment plan in comparison to control group receiving only specific stabilization exercise Conclusion:  Specific Stabilizing Exercises along with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique reduced pain significantly in pregnant women with lumbar and pelvic girdle pain. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/78 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.78 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 29-32 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/78/69 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.78.g69 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/79 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Frequency, Causes and Findings of Brain Computed Tomography Scan at University of Lahore Teaching Hospital: Frequency, Causes and Findings of Brain Computed Tomography Scan Akhtar, Hadia Yousaf Farooq, Syed Muhammad Shan, Ali Naeem, Muhammad Azhar, Ayesha Sajid Dar, Sawaira Fayyaz, Zainab Amjad, Esha Fatima, Arooj Muhammad Noor, Hafsa Computed Tomography, Fall, Headache, Infarction, Brain Atrophy Cranial computed tomography (CT) is the most generally utilized diagnostic method for the emergent evaluation of head trauma (TBIs) because it is readily accessible, quick, and sensitive for clinically relevant traumatic brain injuries as well as non-traumatic abnormalities.  Objective: To determine the frequency, causes, and findings of brain computed tomography scan at The University of Lahore teaching hospital. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. A sample of 202 brain CT scans from a total of 933 participants seen in the CT department was obtained using a suitable sampling technique. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0. Results: There were 78 (38.6%) female patients and 124 (61.4%) male patients out of 202 total patients. The mean age of the patients was 47.1± 23 years. The most prevalent of them, brain atrophy, was observed in 63 (31.2%) of the patients. 51 (25.2%) patients had infarction, 36 (17.8%) had sinusitis, 24 (11.9%) had ischemic demyelination, and 16 (7.9%) had fractures and hemorrhages. In 8 (4.0%) patients, mastoiditis, tumors, and carcinoma were reported. 7 patients (3.5%) had cysts, 6 patients (3.0%) reported contusions, and 2 patients (1.0%) had abscesses. Conclusions: According to our research, the vast majority of individuals who underwent CT scans had a history of headache and falls and the most frequent observation in the patients was brain atrophy. Other major findings found were sinusitis and infarction. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/79 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.79 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 23-28 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/79/68 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.79.g68 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/80 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Incidence of Occult Inguinal Hernia Diagnosed with Ultrasound in Patients with Groin Pain: Occult Inguinal Hernia Diagnosed with Ultrasound in Patients with Groin Pain Hashim, Muhammad Uzair, Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Syed Muhammad Arslan Haider, Muhammad Hanif, Babar Iman Zahra, Syeda Esha Ali, Hafiza Iman Zahid, Warda Jamil, Ramesha Hashmi, Seemal Ultrasound, inguinal hernia, lymph nodes Inguinal Hernia is one of the most common problems affecting the population coming with groin pain. Objective: To find the incidence of occult inguinal hernia diagnosed with ultrasound in patients with groin pain. Methods: Descriptive study was conducted at Gilani Ultrasound Centre. Data of 200 participants were designated done with suitable sample method. Data were analyzed by SSPS version 24.0. Results:  Out of 200 male patients the Mean Age ± SD ratio is 23.1±15.7. 38(19%) patients presented with pain bilaterally, left sided pain was presented in 43(21.5%) patients and right sided pain was presented in 119(59.5%) patients. In 25(12.5%) patients occult inguinal hernia was detected and in 175(87.5%) patients occult inguinal hernia was not detected. In 2(1%) patients occult inguinal hernia was detected bilaterally, in 6(3%) patients occult inguinal hernia was detected on left side and in 17(8.5%) patients it was detected on right side. The mean size of the defect on right side was 2.24 and on left side was 5.0. Conclusions: Study concluded that occult inguinal hernia detected in 12.5% patients and majority of them were young adults. Due to the sensitive nature of groin ultrasound, patients may be referred for it if the results of the clinical examination are inconclusive or negative. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/80 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.80 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 48-52 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/80/73 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.80.g73 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/82 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Comparing Effectiveness of Median Nerve Mobilization with and without Transverse Carpal Ligament Stretching in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Median Nerve Mobilization in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Shabbir, Sidrah Rasheed, Ayesha Ayyaz, Asma Rasheed, Yumna Saleem, Amna Stretching, Neurodynamics, transverse carpal ligament. Carpal tunnel is the narrow space which is present between smaller bones of hand and an important ligament of hand which is called transverse carpal ligament. Compression of median nerve occurs commonly at wrist which results in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). Objective: To compare effectiveness of median nerve mobilization with and without transverse carpal ligament stretching in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods: In this study, 34 patients were randomly assigned into one of two groups, each with 17 individuals. For two weeks, group B received a combination therapy strategy of Neurodynamics and transverse carpal ligament stretching, while group A only received neurodynamics. After two weeks, there was an improvement in functioning and pain. The DASH questioner and VAS were filled at baseline. The current RCT was conducted at the Akhtar Saeed Trust Hospital in Lahore. SPSS was used to conduct the analysis. Results: In the present study of 34 patients independent sample t test was applied as the mean difference was less in group B, which used a combination treatment method of transverse carpal ligament stretching and neurodynamics, compared to group A, which used only neurodynamics. The p value is less than 0.05, indicating that the results were significant. In comparison to group A, results of group B in which combined treatment approach was applied found to be more substantial and superior. Conclusions: Group B, which included both neurodynamics and transverse carpal ligament stretching, was shown to be more effective than group A, which solely used neurodynamics. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/82 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.82 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 38-42 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/82/70 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.82.g70 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/83 2022-09-30T17:53:09Z pjhs:O.A driver

Factors That Affect the Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students of Khyber Pukhtankhwa, Pakistan : Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students Bibi, Afrooz Sohni, . ur-Rehman, Aziz- Ahmed, Fayaz Iqbal, Naveed Sultan, Amir Nursing students, Academic performance, Study habits, Nursing educators Nursing education is the combination of clinical skills and theoretical knowledge. The nursing institutes prepare students for the future as part of the workforce or leaders where they will represent their college or university in clinical practice or in teaching. Objective: To identify the factors that affect the performance of nursing students of KPK. Methods: The study was conducted in the public and private nursing institutes of KPK Pakistan from June 2022 to July 2022 having a sample size of 120 using a cross-sectional descriptive design and a non-probability sampling technique through adopted questionnaire. Results: The male participants of the study were higher (72%) than female (28%) participants. The mean and standard deviation score among all the categories the score of teacher related issues were high (3.26 ± 0.70), followed by the mean and standard deviation score of institute related issues (3.00 ± 0.82), study related issues (2.97 ± 0.76), while home related issues were (2.94 ± 0.67), and personal related issues (2.86 ± 0.96). Conclusions: The study concluded based on the finding that out of the basic 5 factors, teachers-related factors including the teacher's subject-matter expertise, the use of audiovisuals inappropriately and the number of topics covered in a single class have the greatest impact on students' performance. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/83 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.83 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 03 (August Issue); 33-37 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/83/71 10.54393/pjhs.v3i03.83.g71 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/84 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

An evaluation of antibiotic prescribing practices among dentists in Lahore: A cross-sectional study: Antibiotic Prescribing Practices Among Dentists in Lahore Babar, Palwasha Virda, Maryam Haider, Adeel Alamgir, Wajiha Afzal, Muhammad Ahmad Khan, Rana Muhammad Antibiotics, Drug misuse, Drug Overuse, Evidence-Based Dentistry The appropriate use of antibiotics has become a major concern in healthcare. The over prescription and misuse of antibiotics has contributed to antibiotic resistance which has emerged as a major public health issue. Objective: The current study is conducted to investigate the antibiotic use by the dentists and to assess the conformity with evidence-based guidelines. Methods: A convenience sample of 216 dental practitioners were included in the study. A self-structured questionnaire was administered after getting consent from the participants. The questionnaire consisted of demographic details, self-reported usage of antibiotics in different clinical situations and questions exploring the practices regarding the use of antibiotics. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Results: 87% of the participants prescribed antibiotics in irreversible pulpitis, 53.7% in dry socket and 78.7% in localized periapical abscess. Regarding their practice of antibiotic prescription, 77.8% participants reported the prescription of antibiotics in addition to the dental treatment for early resolution of the symptoms. 73.2 % reported that they fear the spread of infection if they have not prescribed antibiotics and 66.7% reported the use of antibiotics to defer the patient if the provision of treatment was not possible at the time. 68.9% participants reported that they would resort to some different antibiotic in case of persistent dental pain at the follow-up visit. Conclusions: The study shows indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics by the dentists. A lack of knowledge among the dental practitioners regarding the evidence-based clinical indications for antibiotics was evident. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/84 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.84 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 23-26 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/84/78 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.84.g78 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/85 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Correlation between Stress and Meaning in Life in Early Career Doctors in Pakistan: Stress and Meaning in Life in Early Career Doctors Iqbal, Samiya Stress, Psychological Distress, Meaning in Life, Purpose in Life, Doctors Doctors experience significant stress in their everyday occupational activities. Objective: To assess the correlation between stress and meaning in life in early career doctors in Pakistan. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. It was conducted from March to May 2021 using non-probability convenience sampling with early career doctors in Pakistan as the subjects. The data was collected using a form distributed online that included demographic variables, Purpose in Life (PIL) test and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). SPSS 26.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: The average score on PIL test was 67.64 ± 15.20 and PSS was 20.20 ± 5.88. Women doctors reported higher perceived stress (18.82 ± 6.11) than men (20.75 ± 5.07). A statistically significant negative correlation between the PIL and PSS was found, r (215) = -.610, p <0.01. r = -0.610 represents a large effect size. Conclusions: Higher meaning in life is associated with lower perceived stress in doctors. Interventions that focus on meaning in life may help improve the well-being of doctors CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/85 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.85 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 27-31 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/85/79 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.85.g79 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/86 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Efficacy Of Using Cationorm and Systane Eye Drops on Post-Lasik Dry Eye : Cationorm and Systane Eye Drops on Post-Lasik Dry Eye Memona, . Awais Sikandar, Muhammad Danish Ibraheem, Hafiz Shakoor, Sumaira Hussain Shah, Syed Nisar Nazia Koser, Hafiza Rizwan, Bahisht LASIK, Dry eye, Systane eye drop, Cationorm eye drop LASIK is famous procedure for correcting refractive errors. The post-LASIK dry eye is very common. Systane and cationorm eye drops are good for post-LASIK dry eye. Objectives: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Cationorm and Systane eye drops and assess the effect on asthenopic symptoms post-LASIK dry eye. Methods: A Qusai experimental study design was used. This study included 80 patients with the age of 20 to 35 years. Data were collected at Al Qasim Eye Care. 40 patients were treated with cationorm; and other were treated with Systane on post-LASIK dry eye. After using cationorm and systane eye drops assessment of dry eye was measured by TBUT. Patients came for follow ups at 2nd day, 15th day and 1 month after the LASIK procedure was done. Statistical analysis was done by applying Mann Whitney U test, Friedman’s two-way test, Cochran’s test and chi square test. Results: The mean value and standard deviation of Systane and cationorm eye drop recorded at the baseline were 10.00, ± 0.00, 10.00 ± 0.00, after 2nd day it was 8.08 ± 1.163, 8.48 ± 0.987, after 15 days 8.93 ± 2.485, 12.30 ± 1.713, and 1 month 9.05 ± 2.417, 12.93 ± 1.745 respectively. There was a significant effect on post-LASIK dry eye after using Systane and Cationorm eye drop with p<0. 001.Comparison of systane and Cationorm eye drops with asthenopic symptoms on post-LASIK dry eye showed cationorm is better than the systane eye drops. Conclusions: Cationorm showed more significant results as compared to systane eye drops and cationorm gave faster relief from asthenopic symptoms on post-LASIK dry eye CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/86 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.86 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 32-36 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/86/80 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.86.g80 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/87 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Nurses' perception regarding barriers to use of health information system in the teaching hospital of Abbottabad: Nurses' perception regarding barriers to use of health information system Khan, Sheraz Sultan, Amir Hanif, Javaria Jamil, Kinza Batool, Zara Health Management Information system, Barriers, Nurses, Implementation The Health Management Information System (HMIS) was designed to provide information on the status of ongoing health-related events. It has been designed to enhance data management in health care facilities. The effectiveness of this system depends on the appropriate collection, analysis, interpretation, and utilization of data. Objective: This study intended to generate knowledge to bridge this knowledge gap to overcome barriers to using and implementing integrated HIS. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study. The data were collected in a Teaching hospital in Abbottabad from July 27, to Aug 3, 2022. Five item Likert scale was used to collect data from 206 nurses. Those who have one-year of experience with HMIS were included in this study. Result: More than half 51.9 % (n=107) of the study participants were female. Almost half 49.5% (n=102) of the participants responded with little and very few barriers in the use of health information systems, followed by much and very much by one-fourth of the participants 25.7% (n=53) and moderate 24.8% (n=51). technical (2.98±1.17) had the highest total mean scores followed by legal (2.95±1.19), organizational (2.91±1.15), and personal (2.90±1.16). Conclusions: The study concluded technical barrier as the top most and comprises computer shortage, internet breakdown and improper health information network. The nurses also reported workload due to documentation and access of an unauthorized person to information CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/87 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.87 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 183-187 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/87/111 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.87.g111 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/88 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Assessment of risk factors of Depression in the post-stroke phase of the stroke survivor patients: A cross-sectional study: Depression in the post-stroke phase of the stroke survivor patients Bhutto, Amanullah Hussain, Tazeem Ali Qureshi, Amjad Shah, Shahnaz kumar, Santosh Lalchand, . Depression, post-stroke depression, risk factors, gender Depression and mood changes are important complications of a stroke. A total of 30% of stroke survivors potentially develop depression, sooner or later. Despite its effect on the quality of life of the patient as well as functional recovery, it is often neglected resulting in a lack of treatment. However, regular antidepressant drugs play no beneficial role in the treatment of PSD. Objective: The present study aim is to the establishment of prevalence and factors responsible for causing post-stroke depression. Methods: The participants included in the study previously had strokes according to the definition given by WHO. Modified Motor Assessment Scale (MMAS) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were administered. Socio-demographic data of all the patients was collected. The risk factors were the laterality of the stroke, duration of the post-stroke phase, functional impairment after the stroke, and gender of the patient. Results: A total of 62 participants were included in the study. A total of 38 (61.29%) of the patients were male and 24 (38.71%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 51.86±5.3 years with a range of 41 to 63 years. Assessment through DASS-21 showed that 46 (74.19%) patients were normal and 16 (25.81%) were detected with depression. The statistically significant risk factors behind post-stroke depression (PSD) were gender and stroke laterality. However, the assessment through MMAS scores shows no significant participation of post-stroke disability and post-stroke duration in PSD. Conclusion: PSD is an important complication followed by stroke. Stroke laterality and gender are significant risk factors for PSD CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/88 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.88 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 136-139 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/88/100 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.88.g100 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/89 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Age, Gender and length of illness’s relation with Hepatic Dysfunction in individuals having Malaria: A cross-sectional study: Hepatic Dysfunction in individuals having Malaria Rafique, Saima Hussain, Tazeem `Rani Memon, Faima Iqbal, Atif Nazia Shaikh, Shafaq Kumar, Narindar Malaria, hepatic dysfunction, length of illness, age With almost 200 million medical cases occurring each year, malaria is the most common vector-borne disease worldwide. Objective: To ascertain the relationship of hepatic dysfunction with age, gender, and length of illness in individuals with malaria. Methods: Data were gathered using a non-probability consecutive sampling method. A total of 270 patients are selected for a sample using the Open Epi program, ranging in age from 25 to 65 and of either gender. Patients who tested positive for malarial parasites and had fever >104°F for longer than 4 days accompanied with chills, and rigors were selected. Patients with undiagnosed hepatomegaly and hepatic cirrhosis were excluded. Samples of blood were gathered and delivered to the pathology lab for biochemical evaluation. SPSS version 16.0 was used for data entry and analysis. For the numerical variables (such as age of the patients and disease duration), means and standard deviations were computed. The subjective variables (gender, age groups, length divisions, and hepatic dysfunction) were evaluated as percentages and frequencies. Results: A total of 270 individuals with confirmed cases of malaria were examined, having a mean age of 39.97 + 8.91 years. There were 70 (27.5%) women and 185 (72.5%) men. A total of 100 (37.3%) individuals with malaria had hepatic impairment. The only factor that significantly correlated (p0.03) to hepatic dysfunction was the length of the illness, whereas gender and various age categories did not. Conclusions: Only the length of the illness revealed a strong relationship between malaria and hepatic dysfunction in our research's findings (p 0.03). CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/89 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.89 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 131-135 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/89/99 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.89.g99 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/90 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Impact Of the Covid-19 Pandemic on The Prevalence of Thoracolumbar Vertebral Compression Fractures in Elderly People: Covid-19 Pandemic on The Prevalence of Thoracolumbar Vertebral Compression Fractures Ali Qureshi, Amjad Mujahid Sharif, Muhammad Ujjan, Badar Uddin Latif Memon, Musadique ullah, Saeed Aamir Shah, Syed Spinal Fracture, Covid-19, Thoracic, Lumber, Impact Covid-19 had a profound effect on many parts of life during 2020. Our country, much like the majority of other nations across the globe, saw a Covid-19 epidemic, a wave reaching its height from the middle of March through April of 2020. This brought about significant difficulties for our civilization in a variety of spheres, including the medical, social, and economic spheres. On February 27th, the first patient in our country to be diagnosed with Covid-19 was identified. Objective: To evaluate the Covid-19 effect on the prevalence of thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures in elderly people. Methods: A total of 172 individuals with vertebral compression fractures (VCF) were above the age of 65 years. The age and gender of the patients were comparable across the two research groups. Only those people who exhibited symptoms for less than four weeks were taken into account. We analyzed every patient's medical records and obtained all essential data, including demographics (gender, age, and compression fracture risk factors), fracture mechanism, and location of the fracture. Results: In 2020, we observed a greater percentage of high-energy VCF (10.5% versus 6.7%). In 2020, there were 7.5 times more recurrent fractures and the proportion of Ankylosing Spondylitis was much higher. Similar admission rates to VCF ED were observed, with 60% receiving conservative care. The number of procedures performed on admitted patients increased in 2020 (66.7% vs. 60%, P =.71), and PBK plus fixation tended to be more common in 2020 compared to 2018-19 (15.8% versus 7.5%, P =.29). In the Covid-19 epidemic, the RR for BKP Plus fixation vs. BKP alone was 1.95, indicating increased risks for difficult operation. In 2020, there were significantly more complications (18.4% vs 3.7%, P.001). Time to surgery also increased somewhat in 2020, from 6.25 days to 5.3 days (P =.55), and admission duration increased marginally (12.2 days vs. 9.9 days, P =.27). Most of the patients choose home treatment over inpatient care during the Covid-19 pandemic (72.2% vs. 58.8%). Conclusions: The frequency of VCF did not vary as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic; nevertheless, the features of patients did change, which had an effect on hospitalizations, institutional rehabilitative services, and a predilection for extensive surgery as opposed to BKP alone. Although it is not yet known whether or not COVID-19 will continue to be a problem in the years to come, the effects and lessons it has provided are still valuable. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/90 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.90 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 37-42 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/90/81 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.90.g81 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/91 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Role of dietary pattern in infertility among married women: Role of dietary pattern in infertility among married women Imran, Rabia Khalid, Sidra Huda, Noor-ul- Bashir, Shahid Aslam, Maria Jabeen, Shaista Infertility, Live Birth, Premenopausal Age, Reproductive Age, dietary pattern Infertility is one of the leading disorder and effecting large number of population. Imbalanced dietary pattern can disturb fertility in women. The diet we consumed has huge input in the occurrence of fertility or infertility in women. Objective: To determine the role of dietary pattern in the occurrence of infertility among married women. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in public sector hospital of Lahore on 100 infertile females from reproductive age to premenopausal years of life in married women. Results: Age group ranges from 27-32 years’ female were infertile. 56/100 females consumed refined carbohydrate and 89 out of 100 consumed sugar daily in diet. Several dietary factors were found to be involved in infertility among women. Conclusions: It has been concluded that imbalanced dietary routine can directly cause infertility in women of various age. Women who consumed refined carbs, high fat and low dairy items, thus results in failure to thrive a successful pregnancy.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/91 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.91 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 43-47 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/91/82 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.91.g82 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/92 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Frequency And Risk Factors of Low Back Pain Among Health Care Professionals of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore: Low Back Pain Among Health Care Professionals Rania, Asma Rafiq, Shazia Qamar, Saddiqa Mushtaq, Maida Rania, Alma Rania, Rameen Abbas, Aeliya Mohiuddin, Maha Low back pain, Frequency, Age, Gender, BMI, Numerical Pain Rating scale, NORDIC Scale, Perceived stress scale Low back pain is known as the utmost common health problem among all the population around the globe. Objective: Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder involving nerves, muscles and bones of back. It may be associated with a several risk factors like family history, BMI, ergonomics of occupation, exercise habits and stress. A study was conducted to determine the frequency of Low Back Pain and to determine its risk factors among health care professionals. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among health care professionals at Jinnah hospital Lahore, Pakistan, for a period of four months after the approval of synopsis. Convenient sampling technique was used and all patients during study interval were fulfilling the inclusion criteria. A total of 64 participants were included of age range from18 to 60 years. Data were analysed by using SPSS Version 16.0. Results: The prevalence of LBP among health care professionals is 67%. Among subjects 58 were below 40 years and 6 were over 40 years, 26 reported to have a family history of LBP, 24 participants do exercise, 43 have normal BMI, 12 were overweight, 8 were obese and 1 was underweight. 58 respondents were mildly stressed and 6 were moderately stressed. Conclusions: Frequency of low back pain was high in health care professionals with a high frequency in females. Most of the subjects have normal BMI and low perceived stress score CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/92 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.92 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 13-17 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/92/76 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.92.g76 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/93 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence of Low Back Pain in Bike Riders”. A Cross Sectional Study: Low Back Pain in Bike Riders Sultan , Shah Rukh Naeem Atta, Muhammad Siddiqui, Osama Yaqoob, Hamza Abbas, Summer Sajid , Anoosha Hayder , Ali Maqbool, Sania Pain, Prevalence, Bike riders Low back pain is a leading problem in bike riders and is increasing day by day due to faulty posture during bike riding. Objective: To find out the prevalence of low back pain in occupational and non-occupational bike riders. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted on 200 bike riders who were professional as well as non-professional riders. Data were collected using Oswestry Questionnaire. Results: Results showed that 52.5% bike riders had low back pain, this was further divided on severity of pain, 32% have mild pain on the movement, 11% experienced moderate pain, 5% bike riders experienced fairly severe pain during movement, 3% of the bike riders have very severe pain at movement, where as 1% of the bike riders are those whose pain worst imaginable at the movement. Conclusions: This study sums up that prevalence of low back pain is higher among occupational and non-occupational bike riders who were exposed to bike riding five or more hours a day. This also had a high effect on their sitting, standing, managing self-care and traveling. This study concluded that more than 52.5% bike riders had low back pain. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/93 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.93 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 18-22 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/93/77 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.93.g77 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/94 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Clinical Outcomes of Pulmonary Resections for Benign Lung Diseases in Adults: Pulmonary Resections for Benign Lung Diseases in Adults Shoaib Lodro, Muhammad Ahmad, Tanveer Mazcuri, Misauq Abid, Ambreen Ali, Nadir Lobectomy, Benign Lung Disease, Pulmonary/Lung Resection, Complications, Bronchiectasis, Aspergilloma Benign lung diseases (BLD) are a spectrum of diseases that require medical and surgical attention. Surgical treatment in majority cases provides curative treatment in majority of the cases. Objective:  To assess the clinical outcome in patients who undergo pulmonary resection for various indications in BLD. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in The Department of Thoracic surgery at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi from June 2021 to June 2022. All symptomatic patients above the age of 12 years with radiological evidence of resectable lung disease with good cardiopulmonary reserve were included. Results: Eighty-four patients were included; sixty-six (78.6%) were males. Most common indication for resection was bronchiectasis (n=32; 38.1%) and aspergilloma (n=22; 26.2%). Majority of the patients presented with productive cough (44; 52.3%), chest pain (41; 48.8%) and hemoptysis (28;33%). Eighteen (81.8%) out of 22 patients of aspergilloma were complex in nature. Lobectomy (67; 78.8%) was most commonly performed followed by wedge resection (10; 11.7%). Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) both were significantly improved after lung resection (p˂0.001). The most common complications were post resection fluid (n=12; 14.2%), residual pleural space (n=10;11.9%). Three patients (3.6%) died; two (2.38%) due to respiratory failure and one (1.2%) after myocardial infraction. Conclusions: Despite limitations, lobectomy and lesser pulmonary resections are safe procedures when patients are carefully selected and prepared. Management in a dedicated Thoracic Surgical unit is essential to keep the complication rate under control and patients should be assessed for symptomatic (spirometric) and radiological improvement on follow up visits to document ongoing clinical improvement for an improved quality of life CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/94 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.94 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 58-63 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/94/85 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.94.g85 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/95 2023-02-05T04:31:19Z pjhs:O.A driver

Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Osteopenia Among University Students: Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Osteopenia Naveed, Ashna Noreen, Sana Rizwan, Bahisht Fatima, Sana Mudassir, Alina Rehman, Ureeba Sajjal, Fatima Khalid, Ammara Sajjad, Zainab `Junaid, Naila Calcium, Osteopenia, Osteoporosis, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices Osteopenia is a term that identifies disproportionate bone mass loss. Osteopenia is caused by severe malnutrition and several abnormalities, which include osteomalacia, osteoporosis and cancer. Objective: To assess the knowledge toward calcium intake and the level of awareness about osteopenia among university students. Methods: For this study, the cross-sectional method was used as a study design. The study was conducted among students at the University of Lahore in which there were 100 students between 18-30 years’ old who took part in this study and time duration of study is 4 months. Moreover, probability convenient sampling technique was used, and a questionnaire was used as equipment for this study. For the statistical analysis SPSS version 24.0 for used. Results: The result of this study shows out of the sample, 25% were male, and 75% were female. The 50 belonged to the normal BMI, 2 were obese range of BMI, 31 belonged to the underweight category. 73 participants belonged to urban areas whereas 27 participants belonged to rural areas. The frequency distribution showed that 96% of people knew about calcium deficiency, and 4% were unaware. 88% of people knew about the importance of calcium, and 12% people were not aware. Conclusions: Chronic calcium deficiency contributes to osteoporosis, poor mineralization of bones and soft bone osteomalacia. According to results, people now a days are more eager to change their dietary patterns to help improve their bone health. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-01-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/95 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01.95 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January Issue); 185-190 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/95/338 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01.95.g338 Copyright (c) 2023 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/96 2022-10-31T19:37:50Z pjhs:O.A driver

Frequency of Abnormal Pap Smear Cytology in Women with Post-Coital Bleeding: Abnormal Pap Smear Cytology in Women with Post-Coital Bleeding Khan, Saba Bai, Varsha Rehman, Memoona Majid, Erum Dembra, Geeta Dembra, Piria Bano, Khadija cervical cancer, PAP smear, post-coital bleeding Risk of development of cervical carcinoma has been identified in patients with abnormal cytology on Pap smear. A long duration of prior to development of invasive cervical carcinoma is governed by a precancerous lesion. Consequently, screening and proper treatment reduces the overall risk of cervical carcinoma. Objective: Aim of study was to identify the frequency of abnormal cervical cytology detected by Papanicolaou smear in married child bearing female presenting with bleeding following coitus. Methods: A Descriptive, Cross-sectional study was carried from 15th November 2021 to 31st May 2022 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinnah Post graduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A total of 218 females of reproductive age group (18-50 years) presenting with post-coital bleeding were included. Patients with previously histo pathological diagnosis, ablative or excisional treatment modalities of cervix and trauma to genital tract were excluded. All cases underwent Pap smear testing with standard technique by utilization of Ayre's spatula and were fixated with 95% ethanol on microscopic slides. Two specimens were prepared for each patient and were assessed for abnormalities. Results: Patients encountered were between 18 to 50 years with mean of 32.20 ± 7.80 years. Majority (139; 67.43%) of the patients were between 18 to 35 years. Mean parity was 3.53 ± 1.51. Mean BMI was 29.12 ± 2.37 kg/m2. Frequency of abnormal cervical cytology was found in 37 (16.97%). Conclusions: This study concluded that Pap smear is an easy, effective and a cheap method for detecting women with cervical pathology. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-10-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/96 10.54393/pjhs.v3i05.96 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 05 (October Issue); 110-114 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i05 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/96/139 10.54393/pjhs.v3i05.96.g139 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/97 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence of stress and its effects on the physical and dental health of medical, dental, and engineering students in Lahore, Pakistan”: Prevalence of Stress and its Effects on the Physical and Dental Health Huda, Noor ul Nasim, Hina Bin Shahzad, Hazik Manzar, Saadia Stress, Physical, Dental, Health Stress can contribute to or influence the development of psychological disorders like depression and anxiety, as well as physiological issues like high blood pressure and slow wound healing. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of stress and its oral and physical manifestations in medical, dental, and engineering students of Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out in Rashid Latif Medical Complex and Clapp trust Lahore, Pakistan. The study included 326 male and female students from medical, dentistry, and engineering universities. Results: The majority of them were females 68.7% as compared to males 31.3%. The mean age of the students was 21.9±4.17 years. The persistent headache had the highest frequency among physical problems due to stress with 84.5% of the participants responding. In a comparative analysis, the t-test showed gender to be significant for disturbed sleep, difficulty breathing persistent headaches, and muscular pains while the ANOVA test showed a significant association of age with weight gain, pain in TMJ, and ulcers in the oral cavity. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between weight gain and age. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the stress of studying is making students more susceptible to problems with their physical and oral health, which is lowering their quality of life. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/97 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.97 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 70-75 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/97/87 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.97.g87 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/98 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence Of Piriformis Muscle Syndrome Among Individuals with Low Back Pain: Piriformis Muscle Syndrome Among Individuals with Low Back Pain Islam, Farooq Mansha, Hamza Gulzar, Khushboo Raza, Asim Raffique, Awais Haider, Saqlain Piriformis Syndrome, LBP, General population, FAIR test, Freiberg sign, Pace maneuver Piriformis syndrome is a condition in which the piriformis muscle, located in the buttock region, spasms and causes buttock pain. The piriformis muscle also can irritate the nearby sciatic nerve and cause pain, numbness and tingling. Starts at the lower spine and connects the upper surface of each femur (thighbone). Functions to assist in rotating the hip and turning the leg and foot outward Runs diagonally. Objective: To find out the prevalence of piriformis muscle syndrome among individuals with low back pain. Methods: Participation of population from Gujranwala city from various emergency clinics was remembered for this study in view of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was collected through non-probability convenient sampling technique. Affirmed instances of low back torment patients were added and get some information about their agony as indicated by VAS (visual simple scale) and outer muscle tests (FAIR test, pace sign, Piriformis stretch (test) were performed on patients. Results: The results have been obtained from 219 participants. The overall Prevalence of piriformis muscle syndrome among individuals with low back pain was 18.3%.The Mean±SD of exact BMI were 27.43±6.859. Out of 219 patients, male and female Pace sign were respectively (85.8% negative and 14.2% positive). (81.7%) Negative and (18.3%) Positive Prevalence of piriformis muscle syndrome in the general population in Age groups chi-square value is (47.753b) and P- Value (<0.001*). Conclusions: In this research, the positive prevalence rate is 18.3%. It demonstrates that several individuals with low back pain have piriformis muscle syndrome.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/98 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.98 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 48-52 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/98/83 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.98.g83 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/99 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

KAP Survey of Awareness of Physiotherapy Among Urban and Rural General Population of Gujranwala Division: Kap Survey of Awareness of Physiotherapy Asghar, Nadeem Awais, Muhammad Gulzar, Khushboo Mansha, Hamza Islam, Farooq Tanveer, Hamza Awareness, Physiotherapy, KAP Physiotherapists play an important part in providing health care and physiotherapy is a recognized profession around the globe. Physiotherapy is a medical specialty that focuses on human function and mobility in order to aid people attains their full potential; It is significant to have a good understanding towards careers associated to one's field of study. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the awareness regarding physiotherapy among urban and rural general population in Gujranwala Division. Methods: This observational study was carried out on a sample size of 384 divided equally into 192 urban and 192 rural population of people including male and female both from age group 20 years or above through non probability random sampling. The study was carried out in general population of Gujranwala Division for 6 months. Self-made Likert scale was developed to collect data. The responses were analyzed through SPSS. Results: Out of 384 participant’s population of urban area had high knowledge attitude and practice level regarding awareness of physiotherapy whereas rural population showed moderate to low knowledge attitude and practice level. According to association between education and awareness from category Undergraduate-post graduate were highly aware of physiotherapy, while other participant’s awareness was moderate to low. Conclusions: A very good response was seen in urban population of Gujranwala Division, mostly people were highly aware of physiotherapy, whereas in rural population there was a moderate to poor response. A strong association was seen between education and physiotherapy. Higher level of education displayed powerful impact on awareness of people. Education plays an impactful role in better understanding of physiotherapy. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/99 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.99 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 53-57 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/99/84 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.99.g84 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/100 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Functional Disability Related to Foot Drop In Lumber Degenerative Diseases: Functional Disability Related to Foot Drop in Lumber Degenerative Diseases Gulzar, Khushboo Arif, Usman Islam, Farooq Raza, Asim Lumber degenerative disease, spinal stenosis, disc herniation, PIVD, MRC score, foot drop. In recent years, foot drop and lumber degenerative changes have become increasingly prevalent. These changes can be serious, necessitating immediate medical attention. Objective: To identify any risk factors that may be increasing patients' chances of experiencing foot drop and to observe functional disabilities related to foot drop including pain, foot wear, gait and foot posture. Methods: Data was collected through standardized tool to assess status of affected foot in lumber degenerative diseases. Variables which were considered in this tool are status of pain of the patient by asking directly to the person, any foot orthosis usage by the patient, daily activity status of the patient, range of motion of the foot, Results: Twenty participants (7.4%) were between the ages of 65 and 75; 154 (55.6%) were between the ages of 55 and 65; 63 (23.2%) were between the ages of 45 and 55; 26 (9.6%) were between the ages of 35 and 45; and nine (3.3%) were between the ages of 25 and 35. There were 193 (70.7%) participants with outstanding feet, 46 (16.8%) with good feet, 7 (2.6%) with fair feet, and 26 (9.5%) with terrible feet. Conclusions: The majority of participants (90,4%) fall into the excellent, decent, and fair categories and don't exhibit any foot drop. The prevalence of foot drop was precisely 9.55%. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/100 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.100 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 64-69 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/100/86 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.100.g86 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/101 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Comparison Of Positional Release Technique and Ischemic Pressure on Pain and Headache Disability in Cervicogenic Headache: Positional Release Technique and Ischemic Pressure on Pain and Headache Disability Munir , Sidra Hafeez, Sana Arooj , Ayesha Asad, Farwa Saqib, Farzana Rania, Asma Positional release, Ischemic Compression, Cervicogenic headache, Sternocleidomastoid Cervicogenic headache may imitate those usually connected through essential headache problems. Objective:  To determine the effects of ischemic compression and positional release procedure on pain and Headache Disability Index in Cervicogenic headache. Methods: Data were collected from Physiogic Physiotherapy Clinic Lahore, for 6 months. Quasi Experimental study was conducted on 18 patients of Cervicogenic headache. All were randomly allocated to ICT group and PRT group, both groups were treated for 12 sessions in 4 weeks. NPRS, HDI were used to measure the treatment effect before and after treatment of 12 sessions in 4 weeks. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: There were 9 (50.0%) participation with mean of 26.22 and SD 2.90 in group A and 9 (50.0%) participants with mean of 24.55 and SD 2.55 in group B. Across the gathering correlation of VAS, KOOS AND AKPS with mean difference and standard p value of pre and post treatment values and within group comparison of VAS, KOOS AND AKPS showed significant difference in Group A as compared to group B. Conclusions: Result showed that significant difference found between the mean values of both technique after treatment (Post-Treatment) in HDI & NPRS in the favor of PRT because there is more variation in mean of PRT as compared to IC technique. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/101 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.101 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 203-206 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/101/115 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.101.g115 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/102 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Assessment Of Knowledge Regarding Weaning Practices Among Mothers of Gulab Devi Educational Complex: Knowledge Regarding Weaning Practices Rasheed, Yusra Rizwan, Bahisht Fatima, Noor Khanum, Farah Shahid, Minahil Munawar, Sheeza Weaning, Breastfeeding, Knowledge Breastfeeding is the process of feeding human milk to a newborn as well as some other type of formula milk or liquid or nonhuman milk. After 6 months, solid foods are introduced to the baby, known as weaning. Objective: To assess the knowledge of the mothers towards weaning practices of children up to 2 years of age. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Gulab Devi educational complex in Lahore. A sample of 100 respondents was taken from February 2022 to March 2022. Research questionnaires were used as a tool for data collection.   Results: The mean age of weaning mothers ranges from 30-45, having 2-3 children. Most mothers from middle-class families living in the joint family system are postgraduate with no medical history. According to the results, 90% of mothers already had the knowledge. 56% of mothers introduce solid foods after the age of 6 months. 72% of mothers introduced rice and cereals as the first solid food to their babies. 74% of mothers think cow milk is not good for an infant at 1st milk. 72% of mothers had knowledge about weaning start time. 54% of the knowledge about weaning mothers learns from their grandparents. Conclusions: Weaning is the fundamental element of the child and is important for health and development. So it is important that the mother should have knowledge about weaning, its start time and solid foods for weaning. The main outcome of the study was that most of the mothers of infants had knowledge regarding weaning diets CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/102 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.102 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 140-144 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/102/101 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.102.g101 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/103 2022-09-30T17:51:48Z pjhs:O.A driver

Incidence Of Kidney Stones in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients on Ultrasound: Kidney Stones in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients Akhtar , Dania Yousaf Farooq, Syed Muhammad Khalid , Tooba Yaseen, Khadija Nazir, Ayesha Miraj , Kashaf Chaudhary , Zaira Kidney Stones, Ultrasonography, Diabetes The incidence of urinary stone disease has shown a steep rise in recent decades in all industrialized countries, as did the incidence of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Objective:  To determine the incidence of nephrolithiasis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at University of Lahore’s Ultrasound Centre.  300 patients of age group 19 to 85 were enrolled in this study with convenient sampling technique. Out of 300 patients 184 were males and 116 were females and half of them were with the history of diabetes and remaining were normal. Results: Out of 300 patients 150 (50%) patients were with the history of diabetes and 150 (50%) were normal. 184 (61.3%) males and 116 (38.7%) females were enrolled in this study. Out of 300 patients 177(59.0%) patients were obese and 113 (41%) were normal. In this study different age groups were selected. Mean ± SD value of age was 40.796 ± 16.110. Out of 150 diabetic patients, 120 (80.0%) were diagnosed with renal stones. Conclusions: It is concluded that the patients with the history of diabetes are more likely to develop kidneys stones as compared to non-diabetic patients. Males are more likely to develop kidney stones than females CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/103 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.103 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; Volume 03 Issue 04 (September Issue); 09-12 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/103/75 10.54393/pjhs.v3i04.103.g75 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/104 2022-11-30T17:11:55Z pjhs:O.A driver

Evaluation of haematological variables in patients with typhoid in Pakistan: Hematological Parameters in Patients with Typhoid Kashif Raza, Syed Javaid , Hina Bajwa , Hassan Saleem, Kamran Hashim, Muhammad Typhoid, Leukocytosis, Thrombocytopenia, NLCR, Haematological Factors Typhoid fever results in significant hepatic problems and biochemical abnormalities. The most effective diagnostic procedure now is the bacterial culture, but serologic tests are still often used, and a speedy and accurate diagnostic test for typhoid fever is still required. Objectives: To examine the haematological parameters between typhoid patients and healthy individuals to find any distinctive parameters that could be used as typhoid fever diagnostic indicators. Methods: This study set out to compare haematological changes in 550 patients with 550 healthy persons. Results: We found low hemoglobin (8.95±1.43), low hematocrit (32.62±5.38), high ESR (53.89±9.21), high platelet count (482003±86792), high WBCs count (14464±1694), high neutrophil percentage (63.60±9.26), low lymphocyte percentage (25.33±2.93), and high NLCR (2.498±0.45) against the healthy control group. Conclusions: This distinctive pattern can be easily obtained using a minimally invasive method and used to diagnose typhoid fever.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-11-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/104 10.54393/pjhs.v3i06.104 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2022: Volume 03 Issue 06 (November Issue); 73-77 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v3i06 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/104/195 10.54393/pjhs.v3i06.104.g195 Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.www.thejas.com.pk:article/105 2023-03-13T05:54:39Z pjhs:O.A driver

Evidence-Based Practices of Nurses Regarding Nosocomial Infection in ICU. A Descriptive study: Practices of Nurses Regarding Nosocomial Infection in ICU Riaz, Sumaira Afzal, Muhammad Ali, Afsar Khan, Sadia Nosocomial Infection, Evidence-Based Practices, Hand Hygiene, Injection Safety, Personal Protective Equipment, Environment Safety Nosocomial infections influence patients’ lives over lengthy hospitalization, illness, and death, following important costs to both health organizations and society. Evidence-based practice is observed as a system to carry out health care that is additionally effective and important in the current health care setting.  Objective: To identify the level of evidence-based practices of nurses regarding nosocomial infection in the intensive care units. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. The population was the ICU staff nurses of the Tertiary Care Hospital, Lahore. The duration of the study with 09 months after the synopsis approval. The sample size of 72 nurses has calculated a population size 95 confidence interval and a margin of error of 5%. A convenient sampling Technique was used in this study. The questionnaire was consisting of 4 items and 31 questions. Ethical Considerations were maintained. Data were kept confidential and secure by coding. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Results: The highest percentage of staff nurses in this study were females (98.6%) and aged between 26-35 years (76.4%) and  diploma holder were (69.4%). Nurses who have experience less than 10 years were 45.8%. Most of the participants were performing hand hygiene practicing frequently  (59.7%) whereas (16.7%) were performing rarely before contact with patient. Highest percentage of participants (77.8%) were using personal protective equipment’s. Conclusions: Evidence-Based Knowledge related to nosocomial infection is adequate among nurses. Hand hygiene performance is adequate as compared to international standards. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-01-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/105 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01.105 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences; 2023: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January Issue); 196-201 2790-9352 2790-9344 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01 eng https://www.thejas.com.pk/index.php/pjhs/article/view/105/376 10.54393/pjhs.v4i01.105.g376 Copyright (c) 2023 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 717921643d538d2e3da73d23cea792b0