End Stage Renal Disease and Its Effects on Periodontal Health, Salivary pH, and Flow Rate
End Stage Renal Disease and Periodontal Health, Salivary pH, and Flow Rate
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v7i10.4127Keywords:
End-stage Renal Disease, Periodontitis, Xerostomia, Salivary Flow Rate, Salivary pH, Oral HealthAbstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease and is associated with several systemic complications that may affect oral health. Additionally, renal impairment can alter salivary pH and reduce salivary flow rate, which may further influence oral and periodontal conditions. Objectives: To evaluate the periodontal status (using plaque index and gingival index), salivary pH, and salivary flow rate in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in comparison to systemically healthy controls. Methods: A cross-sectional group comparative study with a total of 100 participants, 50 diseased ESRD patients, and 50 systemically healthy controls. were assessed. The oral health status was assessed using the Gingival Index and the Plaque Index. Unstimulated saliva was measured using the Spitting Method. The pH of the saliva was assessed by pH Indicator Strips. Results: Participants were 60% males and 40 % females. 63% participants brushed daily, and only 28% brushed twice. The brushing time reported by 51% participants was 1-2 minutes. 51% reported never visiting the dentist. Significant positive association was found between ESRD and systemically healthy controls in change of salivary pH (p=0.004), PI status (p =0.010), and salivary flow rate (p <0.001). However, gingival status showed no association with ESRD (p=0.066). Conclusions: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) demonstrated poorer periodontal status and altered salivary pH and flow rate compared to systemically healthy controls.
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