The Impact of Educational Training on Nurses to Improve Knowledge about Practices Regarding Patients Safety after Cardiac Catheterization

Cardiac catheterization is a severe health condition that needs standardized care strategies as well as quali�ed and skilled healthcare professionals to manage it effectively. Objective: To evaluate the impact of educational training on nurses to improve knowledge about patient safety practices after cardiac catheterization. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was accomplished among nurses working at cardiac units of both genders from March 2021 to September 2021. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was performed for the collection of data. The data was collected by utilizing the open-access structured tool of knowledge and practice. Results: Regarding the level of knowledge, pre-implementation of educational training, the majority of the participant had poor knowledge 15 (30%) and post-educational training, the knowledge level reached good knowledge (70.0%) and it was also found statistically signi�cant p-value ≤0.001. Similarly, a signi�cant difference between nurses' practice after the implementation of the educational training shows (66.7%) inadequate practice before the intervention, while (83.3%) of them had an adequate level of practice after the intervention; it is also found to be a signi�cant p-value ≤0.001. Conclusion: The implementation of the educational training for nurses improved knowledge about practices regarding patients' safety after cardiac catheterization.

undergo Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) each year, and major bleeding occurs at a rate of 1.7% after PCI stulas, thrombo-emboli, and oozing. As a result, patients face additional discomfort in the form of extended hospital stays, higher hospital costs, and reduced quality outcomes [5]. A hematoma is a blood collection in the soft tissue and is recognized by local in ammation, rigidity, and pain. The management of hematoma needs pressure on the groin, Nurses Knowledge Regarding Safety after Cardiac Catheterization

I N T R O D U C T I O N
Cardiac catheterization is a severe health condition that needs standardized care strategies as well as quali ed and skilled healthcare professionals to manage it effectively. Objective: To evaluate the impact of educational training on nurses to improve knowledge about patient safety practices after cardiac catheterization. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was accomplished among nurses working at cardiac units of both genders from March 2021 to September 2021. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was performed for the collection of data. The data was collected by utilizing the open-access structured tool of knowledge and practice. Results: Regarding the level of knowledge, pre-implementation of educational training, the majority of the participant had poor knowledge 15 (30%) and posteducational training, the knowledge level reached good knowledge (70.0%) and it was also found statistically signi cant p-value ≤0.001. Similarly, a signi cant difference between nurses' practice after the implementation of the educational training shows (66.7%) inadequate practice before the intervention, while (83.3%) of them had an adequate level of practice after the intervention; it is also found to be a signi cant p-value ≤0.001. Conclusion: The implementation of the educational training for nurses improved knowledge about practices regarding patients' safety after cardiac catheterization.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
bed rest, and careful monitoring. Ecchymosis is the presence of skin discoloration, pain, and minor swelling and resolves with simple conservative treatment. Oozing can be stopped through continued manual pressure [6]. As established by research, nursing knowledge is insu cient about practice regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization; therefore, there is a need to conduct educational sessions for nurses. Nurses, being the prime body of health care providers, must be able to assess, identify and manage the problems related to vascular site complications. Being involved the most at the patient's bedside, nurses should be able to work together to reduce vascular access complications and treat them when they arise. Therefore, a pro cient nurse with comprehensive knowledge and practical capability is a key person for any healthcare institute, including cardiovascular intervention facilities. Specialized nursing care after the angiography and angioplasty is imperative to patient recovery to promote a better quality of care [7]. Complications after cardiac catheterization were 16.5%. These complications include hematomas uctuating in size from 1 to 5 cm (15.5 %), bleeding (1.5%), arteriovenous stulas (1%), and pseudoaneurysms (0.7%). Therefore, the nurses should be expert enough to apply manual compression during the removal of the sheath and observe the vascular access complications as well as to know the techniques of sheath and TR band removal as part of the management of the patient after cardiac catheterization up to the point of discharge. Procedure protocols and staff education regarding vascular complications and post-procedure nursing care not only ensure patient safety and comfort but also reduce costs while at the same time improving the effectiveness of cardiac catheterization [8]. Good practice recommendations for percutaneous coronary intervention in the United Kingdom (UK), require that local operating policies be de ned, including patient preparation, informed consent, and ward checklists. Nursing care should include care after angiography and angioplasty when the patient is shifted to either a ward or the recovery area. The main nursing care provider should instruct the patient to immobilize the limb with the puncture site and start vigilant observation of the vascular access area, hemodynamics and ECG monitoring. Furthermore, before discharge, proper advice and written instructions should be provided to the patient regarding vascular and other complications, schedule for return to work, proposed follow-up, drug therapy instructions, and planned interactions with formal cardiac rehabilitation programs [9]. The patients should be instructed to take a lowcholesterol diet and comply with lifestyle changes. A follow-up schedule should be arranged with the primary care physician and the cardiologist one week after the Nurses' knowledge and practice during pre and posteducational training, half of the participants 15 (50%) per knowledge was poor (Score ≤ 40% = Poor Knowledge). After the implementation of an intervention, the posteducational training, nearly two-thirds 21 (70%) of the study participants showed good knowledge (Highest ≥ 40% = Good Knowledge). It also supports the alternative hypothesis, and the p-value=0.001 was signi cant. Moreover, a signi cant difference was also observed b et we e n n u r s e s' p r a c t i c e b efo r e a n d a f te r t h e implementation of educational training. It is highlighted that about two-thirds 20 (66.67%) of the study participants had inadequate practice before the training according to the practice scoring system (Inadequate < 80%). In comparison, after the intervention of educational training, 25 (83.25%) of the study participants had an adequate level of practice (Adequate ≥ 80%), and the p-value = 0.001 was found to be a statistical signi cance.

R E S U L T S
assess the knowledge about practices regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization and appropriate tools. This scale comprises 28 items. Amongst, ten items were related to the knowledge questionnaire, with responses classi ed as correct and incorrect. As for as practicerelated questions, there were 18 items in the tool, and their responses were classi ed as always, sometimes, and never. Furthermore, data related to knowledge about the practice of patient safety after cardiac catheterization was c o l l e c te d f r o m t h e s t u d y p a r t i c i p a n t s u s i n g a questionnaire before intervention (pre-test). Then the educational training intervention was given to all study participants and followed by a post-test from the same participants. The data was entered and analyzed by using the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. To assess the knowledge and practices before and after the training program was measured by paired t-test.
It was observed that 40% of male and 60% of female nurses participated in this study; Half (50%) of the study participants were under the age of 20-25 years, (43%) were 26-30 years of age, and only small proportion (6.67%) were 31-35 years of age. According to the quali cation distribution, most of the nurses (60%) were BS Nursing, and (40%) of them were nursing diploma-holder nurses. Experience distribution revealed that the majority (93.33%) of the nurses had less than 10 years of experience, and only (6.67%) of the study subject had an experience of more than ten years. An equal proportion of the study participant taken from each department, such as the Cardiac ward, CCU, and ICU nurses. Table 1 represents the demographic characteristics of nurses under the study.

C O N C L U S I O N S
It is concluded that implementing educational training, nurses' knowledge increased signi cantly, and improved patient safety practices after cardiac catheterization. The study also showed a positive and signi cant relation between nurses' knowledge about practice posteducational training, a high level of nurses' knowledge about practices can reduce the rate of vascular complications. Therefore, fundamental nursing care after the angiography and angioplasty is imperative to the patient's recovery to promote a better quality of care in daily practice.

C o n  i c t o f i n t e r e s t
The authors declare no con ict of interest S o u r c e o f F u n d i n g [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]